Surface-Water Contaminant Transport

Research on the transport and fate of contaminants in surface water

Boyer, E.W., Hornberger, G.M., Bencala, K.E., and McKnight, D.M., 1997,

Response characteristics of DOC flushing in an alpine catchment: Hydrological Processes, v. 11, no. 12, p. 1635-1647, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19971015)11:12<1635::AID-HYP494>3.0.CO;2-H.

Rostad, C.E., Rees, T.F., and Daniel, S.R., 1998,

Colloid particle sizes in the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries from Minneapolis to below New Orleans: Hydrological Processes, v. 12, no. 1, p. 25-41, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199801)12:1<25::AID-HYP544>3.0.CO;2-T.

Bencala, K.E., 2000,

Invited Commentary--Hyporheic zone hydrological processes: Hydrological Processes, v. 14, no. 15, p. 2797-2798, doi:10.1002/1099-1085(20001030)14:15<2797::AID-HYP402>3.0.CO;2-6.

Boyer, E.W., Hornberger, G.M., Bencala, K.E., and McKnight, D.M., 2000,

Effects of asynchronous snowmelt on flushing of dissolved organic carbon--A mixing model approach: Hydrological Processes, v. 14, no. 18, p. 3291-3308, doi:10.1002/1099-1085(20001230)14:18<3291::AID-HYP202>3.0.CO;2-2.

Barber, L.B., Keefe, S.H., Antweiler, R.C., Taylor, H.E., and Wass, R.D., 2006,

Accumulation of contaminants in fish from wastewater treatment wetlands: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 40, no. 2, p. 603-611, doi:10.1021/es0514287.

Triska, F.J., Jackman, A.P., Duff, J.H., and Avanzino, R.J., 1994,

Ammonium sorption to channel and riparian sediments--A transient storage pool for dissolved inorganic nitrogen: Biogeochemistry, v. 26, p. 67-83.

Runkel, R.L., McKnight, D.M., and Andrews, E.D., 1998,

Analysis of transient storage subject to unsteady flow--Diel flow variation in an Antarctic stream: Journal of North American Benthological Society, v. 17, no. 2, p. 143-154.

Aga, D.S., 1995,

Analytical applications of immunoassays in environmental and agricultural chemistry--study of the fate and transport of herbicides: Lawrence, University of Kansas, Department of Chemistry, Ph.D. thesis, 220 p.

Brooks, P.D., McKnight, D.M., and Bencala, K.E., 2001,

Annual maxima in zinc concentrations during spring snowmelt in streams impacted by mine drainage: Environmental Geology, v. 40, no. 11-12, p. 1447-1454, doi:10.1007/s002540100338.

Battaglin, W.A., Goolsby, D.A., and Coupe, R., 1993,

Annual use and transport of agricultural chemicals in the Mississippi River, 1991-92, in Goolsby, D.A., Boyer, L.L., and Mallard, G.E., eds., Selected papers on agricultural chemicals in water resources of the Midcontinental United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-418, p. 26-40.

Battaglin, W.A., Goolsby, D.A., and Coupe, R.H., 1996,

Annual use and transport of agricultural chemicals in the Mississippi River, 1991-92, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015, v. 1, p. 429-440.

Walton-Day, K., Runkel, R.L., Kimball, B.A., and Bencala, K.E., 1999,

Application of the solute-transport models OTIS and OTEQ and implications for remediation in a watershed affected by acid mine drainage, Cement Creek, Animas River Basin, Colorado, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 1 of 3--Contamination from Hardrock Mining: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018A, p. 37-46.

Walton-Day, K., Runkel, R.L., Kimball, B.A., and Bencala, K.E., 2000,

Application of the solute-transport models OTIS and OTEQ and implications for remediation in a watershed affected by acid mine drainage, Cement Creek, Animas River basin, Colorado, in Proceedings from the Fifth International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, Denver, Colorado, May 21-24, 2000: Littleton, Colo., Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, p. 389-399.

Verplanck, P.L., Taylor, H.E., Nordstrom, D.K., and Barber, L.B., 2005,

Aqueous stability of gadolinium in surface waters receiving sewage treatment plant effluent, Boulder Creek, Colorado: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 39, no. 18, p. 6923-6929, doi:10.1021/es048456u.

Nordstrom, D.K., Wright, W.G., Mast, M.A., Bove, D.J., and Rye, R.O., 2007,

Aqueous-sulfate stable isotopes--A study of mining-affected and undisturbed acidic drainage (Chapter E8), in Church, S.E., von Guerard, P.B., and Finger, S.E., eds., Integrated Investigations of Environmental Effects of Historical Mining in the Animas River Watershed, San Juan County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1651, v. 1, p. 387-416.

Kimball, B.A., Runkel, R.L., Walton-Day, K., and Bencala, K.E., 2002,

Assessment of metal loads in watersheds affected by acid mine drainage by using tracer injection and synoptic sampling--Cement Creek, Colorado, USA: Applied Geochemistry, v. 17, no. 9, p. 1183-1207, doi:10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00017-3.

Walton-Day, K., Healy, R.W., and Smith, B., 2006,

Assessment of remediation of fluvial tailings deposits in the upper Arkansas River Basin, Lake County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Administrative Report, 97 p.

Lawrence, G.B., Goolsby, D.A., Battaglin, W.A., and Stensland, G.J., 2000,

Atmospheric nitrogen in the Mississippi River Basin--emissions, deposition and transport: The Science of the Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 87-99, doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00533-1.

Thurman, E.M., and Cromwell, A.E., 2000,

Atmospheric transport, deposition, and fate of triazine herbicides and their metabolites in pristine areas at Isle Royale National Park: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 34, no. 15, p. 3079-3085, doi:10.1021/es000995l.

Cromwell, A.E., and Thurman, E.M., 1996,

Atrazine transport and degradation in a pristine watershed--The fate of atrazine deposited by precipitation, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015, v. 1, p. 423-428.

Scott, D.T., Gooseff, M.N., Bencala, K.E., and Runke., R.L., 2003,

Automated calibration of a stream solute transport model--Implications for interpretation of biogeochemical parameters: Journal of the North American Benthological Society, v. 22, no. 4, p. 492-510.

Hostettler, F.D., Rapp, J.B., Kvenvolden, K.A., and Luoma, S.N., 1988,

Biogenic and anthropogenic organic markers as source discriminants and sediment transport indicators in South San Francisco Bay: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-408, 28 p.

Parker, S.R., Poulson, S.R., Gammons, C.H., and DeGrandpre, M.D., 2005,

Biogeochemical controls on diel cycling of stable isotopes of dissolved 02 and dissolved inorganic carbon in the Big Hole River, Montana: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 39, no. 18, p. 7134-7140, doi:10.1021/es0505595.

Triska, F.J., 2006,

Biogeochemical processes in river systems--Part 1--Key biochemical processes in river systems, in Shiklomanov, I.A., ed., Encyclopedia of Water Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources, in Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems: EOLSS Publishers Ltd.

Thompson, B., Adelsbach, T., Brown, C., Hunt, J., Kuwabara, J., Neale, J., Ohlendorf, H., Schwarzbach, S., Spies, R., and Taberski, K., 2007,

Biological effects of anthropogenic contaminants in the San Francisco Estuary: Environmental Research, v. 105, no. 1, p. 156-174, doi:10.1016/j.envres.2006.10.005.

Bradley, P.M., Barber, L.B., Kolpin, D.W., McMahon, P.B., and Chapelle, F.H., 2007,

Biotransformation of caffeine, cotinine, and nicotine in stream sediments--Implications for use as wastewater indicators: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 26, no. 6, p. 1116-1121, doi:10.1897/06-483R.1.

Landmeyer, J.E., Tanner, T.L., and Watt, B.E., 2004,

Biotransformation of tributyltin to tin in freshwater river-bed sediments contaminated by an organotin release: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 38, no. 15, p. 4106-4112, doi:10.1021/es030697z.

McClain, M.E., Bilby, R.E., and Triska, F.J., 1998,

Chapter 14 - Biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur--Natural distributions and response to disturbance, in Naiman, R.J., ed., The Ecology and Management of Rivers and Streams in the Pacific Northwest Ecoregion: New York, Springer-Verlag, p. 347-372.

Pringle, C.M., and Triska, F.J., 1996,

Chapter 29 - Effects of nutrient enrichment on periphyton, in Hayer, F.R., and Lamberti, G.A., eds., Methods in Stream Ecology: San Diego, Academic Press, p. 607-624.

Croué, J.-P., Benedetti, M.F., Violleau, D., and Leenheer, J.A., 2003,

Characterization and copper binding of humic and nonhumic organic matter isolated from the South Platte River--Evidence for the presence of nitrogenous binding site: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 37, no. 2, p. 328-336, doi:10.1021/es020676p.

Rees, T.F., and Ranville, J.F., 1989,

Characterization of colloids in the Mississippi River and its major tributaries, in Mallard, G.E., and Ragone, S.E., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, September 26-30, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4220, p. 513-522.

Reddy, M.M., Schuster, P., Kendall, C., and Reddy, M.B., 2006,

Characterization of surface and ground-water ?¹⁸O seasonal variation and its use for estimating groundwater residence times: Hydrological Processes, v. 20, no. 8, p. 1753-1772, doi:10.1002/hyp.5953.

Choi, J., Harvey, J.W., and Conklin, M.H., 2000,

Characterizing multiple timescales of stream and storage zone interaction that affect solute fate and transport in streams: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 6, p. 1511-1518, 2000WR900051, doi:10.1029/2000WR900051.

Van Metre, P.C., Wilson, J.T., Horowitz, A.J., Skrobialowski, S.C., Foreman, W.T., Fuller, C.C., Burkhardt, M.R., Elrick, K.A., Mahler, B.J., Smith, J.J., and Zaugg, S.D., 2007,

Chemical constituents in sediment in Lake Pontchartrain and in street mud and canal sediment in New Orleans, Louisiana, following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 206, 159 p.

Barber, L.B., Murphy, S.F., Verplanck, P.L., Sandstrom, M.W., Taylor, H.E., and Furlong, E.T., 2006,

Chemical loading into surface water along a hydrological, biogeochemical, and land use gradient--A holistic watershed approach: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 40, no. 2, p. 475-486, doi:10.1021/es051270q.

McKnight, D.M., and Bencala, K.E., 1990,

The chemistry of iron, aluminum, and dissolved organic material in three acidic, metal-enriched, mountain streams, as controlled by watershed and in-stream processes: Water Resources Research, v. 26, no. 12, p. 3087-3100, 90WR01510, doi:10.1029/WR026i012p03087.

Thurman, E.M., Mills, M.S., and Meyer, M.T., 1996,

Chemistry, degradation, and transport of triazine herbicide metabolites in surface water, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015, v. 1, p. 455-462.

Schemel, L.E., Kimball, B.A., and Bencala, K.E., 2000,

Colloid formation and metal transport through two mixing zones affected by acid mine drainage near Silverton, Colorado: Applied Geochemistry, v. 15, no. 7, p. 1003-1018.

Schemel, L.E., Kimball, B.A., and Bencala, K.E., 1999,

Colloid formation and the transport of aluminum and iron in the Animas River near Silverton, Colorado, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 1 of 3--Contamination from Hardrock Mining: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018A, p. 59-62.

Meyer, M.T., Scribner, E.A., and Kalkhoff, S.J., 2007,

Comparison of fate and transport of isoxaflutole to atrazine and metolachlor in 10 Iowa rivers: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 41, no. 20, p. 6933-6939, doi:10.1021/es070903t.

Constantz, J., Cox, M.H., and Su, G.W., 2003,

Comparison of heat and bromide as ground-water tracers near streams: Ground Water, v. 41, no. 5, p. 647-656, doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02403.x.

Kimball, B.A., Broshears, R.E., Bencala, K.E., and McKnight, D.M., 1991,

Comparison of rates of hydrologic and chemical processes in a stream affected by acid mine drainage, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 407-412.

Jamieson, H.E., Robinson, C., Alpers, C.N., Nordstrom, D.K., Poustovetov, A., and Lowers, H.A., 2005,

The composition of coexisting jarosite-group minerals and water from the Richmond mine, Iron Mountain, California: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 43, no. 4, p. 1225-1242.

Brinton, T.I., Garbarino, J.R., Peart, D.B., Taylor, H.E., and Antweiler, R.C., 1995,

Concentration and transport data for dissolved inorganic constituents in water collected during seven cruises on the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries, July 1987 - June 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-524, 102 p.

Garbarino, J.R., Antweiler, R.C., Brinton, T.I., Roth, D.A., and Taylor, H.E., 1995,

Concentration and transport data for selected dissolved inorganic constituents and dissolved organic carbon in water collected from the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries, July 1991 - May 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-149, 149 p.

Rostad, C.E., 1997,

Concentration and transport of chlordane and nonachlor associated with suspended sediment in the Mississippi River, May 1998 to June 1990: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 33, no. 4, p. 369-377, doi:10.1007/s002449900266.

Kelly, T., and Taylor, H.E., 1996,

Concentrations and loads of selected trace elements and other constituents in the Rio Grande, in the vicinity of Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-126, 45 p.

Pereira, W.E., Moody, J.A., Hostettler, F.D., Rostad, C.E., and Leiker, T.J., 1995,

Concentrations and mass transport of pesticides and organic contaminants in the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries, 1987-89: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-376, 169 p.

Farag, A.M., Nimick, D.A., Kimball, B.A., Church, S.E., Harper, D.D., and Brumbaugh, W.G., 2007,

Concentrations of metals in water, sediment, biofilm, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish in the Boulder River Watershed, Montana, and the role of colloids in metal uptake: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 52, no. 3, p. 397-409, doi:10.1007/s00244-005-0021-z.

Kuivila, K.M., and Foe, C.G., 1995,

Concentrations, transport, and biological effects of dormant spray pesticides in the San Francisco Estuary, California: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 14, no. 7, p. 1141-1150.

Stream Solute Workshop, 1990,

Concepts and methods for assessing solute dynamics in stream ecosystems: Journal of the North American Benthological Society, v. 9, p. 95-119.

Keefe, S.H., Barber, L.B., Runkel, R.L., Ryan, J.N., McKnight, D.M., and Wass, R.K., 2004,

Conservative and reactive solute transport in constructed wetlands: Water Resources Research, v. 40, no. 1, W01201, doi:10.1029/2003WR002130.

Breault, R.F., Colman, J.A., Aiken, G.R., and McKnight, D.M., 1996,

Copper speciation and binding by organic matter in copper-contaminated streamwater: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 30, no. 12, p. 3477-3486, doi:10.1021/es9601301.

Kuwabara, J.S., Leland, H.V., and Bencala, K.E., 1984,

Copper transport along a Sierra Nevada stream: Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 110, p. 646-655.

Kimball, B.A., Broshears, R.E., Bencala, K.E., and McKnight, D.M., 1994,

Coupling of hydrologic transport and chemical reactions in a stream affected by acid mine drainage: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 28, no. 12, p. 2065-73, doi:10.1021/es00061a014.

Meyer, M.T., Thurman, E.M., and Goolsby, D.A., 1996,

Cyanazine, atrazine, and their metabolites as geochemical indicators of contaminant transport in the Mississippi River, in Meyer, M.T., and Thurman, E.M., eds., Herbicide metabolites in surface water and groundwater: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society ACS Symposium Series 630, p. 288-303.

Rostad, C.E., Bishop, L.M., Pereira, W.E., and Leiker, T.J., 2004,

Data for selected organic contaminants in the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers near their confluence, June 1989 and May-June 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-371 (An alternative title for this numbered report is listed at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/ofr93-371/ ), 18 p.

Flint, M.R., Bencala, K.E., Zellweger, G.W., and Hammermeister, D.P., 1985,

Data from a solute transport experiment in the Leviathan Mine drainage, Alpine County, Calif., October 1982: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-85, 107 p.

Leenheer, J.A., Noyes, T.I., and Brown, P.A., 1995,

Data on natural organic substances in dissolved, colloidal, suspended-silt and clay, and bed-sediment phases in the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries, 1987-4204: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4204, 71 p.

Leenheer, J.A., Barber, L.B., Rostad, C.E., and Noyes, T.I., 1995,

Data on natural organic substances in dissolved, colloidal, suspended-silt, and -clay and bed-sediment phases in the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries, 1991-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4191, 47 p.

Striegl, R.G., Aiken, G.R., Dornblaser, M.M., Raymond, P.A., and Wickland, K.P., 2005,

A decrease in discharge-normalized DOC export by the Yukon River during summer through autumn: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 32, L21413, doi:10.1029/2005GL024413.

Starner, K., Kuivila, K.M., Jennings, B.M., and Moon, G.E., 1999,

Degradation rates of six pesticides in water from the Sacramento River, California, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 2 of 3--Contamination of Hydrologic Systems and Related Ecosystems: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018B, p. 89-97.

Gooseff, M.N., McKnight, D.M., Runkel, R.L., and Duff, J.H., 2004,

Denitrification and hydrologic transient storage in a glacial meltwater stream, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 49, no. 5, p. 1884-1895.

McMahon, P.B., and Böhlke, J.K., 1996,

Denitrification and mixing in a stream--aquifer system--Effects on nitrate loading to surface water: Journal of Hydrology, v. 186, no. 1-4, p. 105-128, doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03037-5.

Schemel, L.E., and Cox, M.H., 2005,

Descriptions of the Animas River-Cement Creek confluence and mixing zone near Silverton, Colorado, during the late summers of 1996 and 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1064, 4 p (Online only).

Duff, J.H., Toner, B., Jackman, A.P., and Triska, F.J., 2000,

Determination of groundwater discharge into a sand and gravel bottom river--A preliminary comparison of chloride dilution and seepage meter techniques: Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie, v. 27, p. 1-6.

Ortiz, R.F., and Bencala, K.E., 2001,

Determination of instream metal loads using tracer-injection and synoptic-sampling techniques in Wightman Fork, southwestern Colorado, September 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4154, 26 p.

Buszka, P.M., Barber, L.B., II, Schroeder, M.P., and Becker, L.D., 1994,

Determination of organic compounds downstream from a treated-wastewater discharge near Dallas, Texas, March 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4194, 19 p.

Gooseff, M.N., McKnight, D.M., Runkel, R.L., and Vaughn, B.H., 2003,

Determining long time-scale hyporheic zone flow paths in Antarctic streams: Hydrological Processes, v. 17, no. 9, p. 1691-1710, doi:10.1002/hyp.1210.

Fallon, J.D., 1994,

Determining the 3-dimensional distribution, transport, and relative age of atrazine and selected metabolites in Perry Lake, Kansas: Lawrence, University of Kansas, Department of Civil Engineering, M.S. thesis, 176 p.

Fallon, J.D., and Thurman, E.M., 1996,

Determining the relative age, transport, and three-dimensional distribution of atrazine in a reservoir using immunoassay, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015, v. 1, p. 499-504.

Broshears, R.E., Runkel, R.L., and Kimball, B.A., 1994,

Development and application of a reactive solute transport model for trace metals in mountain streams, in Dutton, A.R., ed., Toxic Substances and the Hydrologic Sciences--Proceedings of the conference, Austin, Texas, April 10-13, 1994: Minneapolis, Minn., American Institute of Hydrology, p. 19-34.

Runkel, R.L., 1993,

Development and application of an equilibrium-based simulation model for reactive solute transport in small streams: Boulder, University of Colorado, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 202 p.

Brown, D.W., and Hem, J.D., 1984,

Development of a model to predict the adsorption of lead from solution on a natural streambed sediment: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2187, 35 p.

Kuivila, K.M., and Copeland, D.D., 1996,

Diazinon concentrations and transport in the Sacramento River and San Francisco Bay, California, February 1993, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015, v. 2, p. 699-704.

Gammons, C.H., Grant, T.M., Nimick, D.A., Parker, S.R., and DeGrandpre, M.D., 2007,

Diel changes in water chemistry in an arsenic-rich stream and treatment-pond system: Science of the Total Environment, v. 384, no. 1-3, p. 433-451, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.06.029.

Chapin, T.P., Nimick, D.A., Gammons, C.H., and Wanty, R.B., 2007,

Diel cycling of zinc in a stream impacted by acid rock drainage--Initial results from a new in situ Zn analyzer: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 133, no. 1-3, p. 161-167, doi:10.1007/s10661-006-9569-y.

Nimick, D.A., McCleskey, R.B., Gammons, C.H., and Parker, S.R., 2007,

Diel mercury concentration cycles in streams affected by mining and geothermal discharge: Science of the Total Environment, v. 373, no. 1, p. 344-355, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.11.008.

Parker, S.R., Gammons, C.H., Poulson, S.R., and DeGrandpre, M.D., 2007,

Diel variations in stream chemistry and isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon, upper Clark Fork River, Montana, USA: Applied Geochemistry, v. 22, no. 7, p. 1329-1343, doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.02.007.

McKnight, D.M., Bencala, K.E., Harnish, R.A., and Runkel, R.L., 1996,

Difficulties with intermediate-scale experiments for studies of iron chemistry in streams affected by acidic mine drainage, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015, v. 2, p. 789-796.

Triska, F.J., Pringle, C.M., Zellweger, G.W., Duff, J.H., and Avanzino, R.J., 1993,

Dissolved inorganic nitrogen composition, transformation, retention, and transport in naturally phosphate-rich and phosphate-poor tropical streams: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 50, p. 665-675.

Fuller, C.C., Davis, J.A., Cain, D.J., Lamothe, P.J., Fries, T.L., Fernandez, G., Vargas, J.A., and Murillo, M.M., 1990,

Distribution and transport of sediment-bound metal contaminants in the Rio Grande de Tarcoles, Costa Rica (Central America): Water Research, v. 24, p. 805-812.

Rostad, C.E., Pereira, W.E., and Keiker, T.J., 1999,

Distribution and transport of selected anthropogenic liipophilic organic compounds associated with Mississippi River suspended sediment, 1989-1990: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 36, no. 3, p. 248-255, doi:10.1007/s002449900468.

Rostad, C.E., Pereira, W.E., and Leiker, T.J., 1994,

Distribution and transport of selected anthropogenic organic compounds on Mississippi River suspended sediment (U.S.A.), May/June 1988: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 16, p. 175-199, doi:10.1016/0169-7722(94)90051-5.

Rostad, C.E., and Daniel, S.R., 2007,

Distribution of selected halogenated organic compounds among suspended particulate, colloid, and aqueous phases in the Mississippi River and major tributaries: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 53, no. 2, p. 151-158, doi:10.1007/s00244-005-0056-1.

Morris, J.M., Nimick, D.A., Farag, A.M., and Meyer, J.S., 2005,

Does biofilm contribute to diel cycling of Zn in High Ore Creek, Montana?: Biogeochemistry, v. 76, no. 2, p. 233-259, doi:10.1007/s10533-005-4774-2.

Harvey, J.W., and Fuller, C.C., 1998,

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