Methods

Research and development of field and laboratory environmental measurement methods

Abraham, J.D., and Lucius, J.E., 2004,

Direct current resistivity profiling to study distribution of water in the unsaturated zone near the Amargosa Desert Research Site, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1319, 16 p.

Abraham, J.D., Smith, D.V., and Wright, D.L., 2001,

A survey of waste pits at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory using the new USGS prototype ATV towed VETEM platform, in Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (SAGEEP2001), Denver, Colorado, March 4-7, 2001: Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society, p. 1-8.

Aga, D.S., 1995,

Analytical applications of immunoassays in environmental and agricultural chemistry--study of the fate and transport of herbicides: Lawrence, University of Kansas, Department of Chemistry, Ph.D. thesis, 220 p.

Aga, D.S., and Thurman, E.M., 1997,

Environmental Immunoassays--Alternative techniques for soil and water analysis, in Aga, D.S., and Thurman, E.M., eds., Immunochemical technology for environmental applications: Washington D.C., American Chemical Society ACS Symposium Series 657, p. 1-20.

Aga, D.S., and Thurman, E.M., 1995,

Application of solid-phase extraction (SPE) for ultratrace analysis of herbicides in water and soil by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in Kurtz, D.A., Skerritt, J.H., and Stanker, L., eds., Agrochemical Immunoanalysis-93: Arlington, Va., AOAC International, p. 317.

Aga, D.S., and Thurman, E.M., 1993,

Coupling solid-phase extraction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for ultratrace determination of herbicides in pristine water: Analytical Chemistry, v. 65, no. 20, p. 2894-2898.

Aga, D.S., Thurman, E.M., and Pomes, M.L., 1996,

Measurement of concentrations of alachlor and its ethanesulfonic acid metabolite in water by solid-phase extraction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015, v. 1, p. 385-392.

Aga, D.S., Thurman, E.M., and Pomes, M.L., 1994,

Determination of alachlor and its sulfonic acid metabolite in water by solid-phase extraction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: Analytical Chemistry, v. 66, no. 9, p. 1495-1499.

Aga, D.S., Thurman, E.M., Yockel, M.E., Zimmerman, L.R., and Williams, T.D., 1996,

Identification of a new sulfonic acid metabolite of metolachlor in soil: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 30, no. 2, p. 592-597, doi:10.1021/es9503600.

Aga, D.S., and Thurman, E.M., eds., 1997,

Immunochemical technology for environmental applications: American Chemical Society ACS Symposium Series 657, 396 p.

Aiken, G.R., 2003,

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) characterization, in Schuster, P.F., ed., Water and sediment quality in the Yukon River Basin, Alaska, during water year 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-427, p. 23-26.

Aiken, G.R., 1992,

Chloride interference in the analysis of dissolved organic carbon by the wet oxidation method: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 26, no. 12, p. 2435-2439 (Scroll down pdf for abstract), doi:10.1021/es00036a015.

Aiken, G.R., Kaplan, L.A., and Weishaar, J., 2002,

Assessment of relative accuracy in the determination of organic matter concentrations in aquatic systems: Journal of Environmental Monitoring, v. 4, p. 70-74, doi:10.1039/b107322m.

Aiken, G.R., and Leenheer, J.A., 1993,

Isolation and characterization of dissolved and colloidal organic matter: Chemistry and Ecology, v. 8, p. 135-151.

Aiken, G.R., McKnight, D.M., Thorn, K.A., and Thurman, E.M., 1992,

Isolation of hydrophilic organic acids from water using nonionic macroporous resins: Organic Geochemistry, v. 18, no. 4, p. 567-573.

Alpers, C.N., Taylor, H.E., Roth, D.A., Cain, D.J., Ball, J.W., Unruh, D.M., and Deleanis, P.D., 2000,

Study design--Field and laboratory methods, in Alpers, C.N., Taylor, H.E., and Domagalski, J.J., eds., Metals transport in the Sacramento River, California, 1996-97--Volume 1. Methods and data: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4286, p. 19-37.

Alvarez, D., Petty, J., Huckins, J., Brumbaugh, W., Rostad, C.E., Furlong, E., Leiker, T., and Wemer, S., 2001,

Proof-of-concept field deployment of a prototype integrative sampling device for polar organic contaminants at the city of Columbia, Missouri, and Eagle Bluffs wetland complexes: U.S. Geological Survey Columbia Environmental Research Center Report.

Alvarez, D.A., Stackelberg, P.E., Petty, J.D., Huckins, J.N., Furlong, E.T., Zaugg, S.D., and Meyer, M.T., 2005,

Comparison of a novel passive sampler to standard water-column sampling for organic contaminants associated with wastewater effluents entering a New Jersey stream: Chemosphere, v. 61, no. 5, p. 610-622, doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.03.023.

Andraski, B.J., Sandstrom, M.W., Michel, R.L., Radyk, J.C., Stonestrom, D.A., Johnson, M.J., and Mayers, C.J., 2003,

Simplified method for detecting tritium contamination in plants and soil: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 32, no. 3, p. 988-995.

Andraski, B.J., and Scanlon, B.R., 2002,

Thermocouple psychrometry, in Dane, J.H., and Topp, G.C., eds., Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 4, Physical Methods: Madison, Wisconsin, Soil Science Society of America, p. 609-642.

Andraski, B.J., Stonestrom, D.A., Michel, R.L., Halford, K.J., and Radyk, J.C., 2005,

Plant-based plume-scale mapping of tritium contamination in desert soils: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 4, p. 819-827, doi:10.2136/vzj2005.0052.

Antweiler, R.C., Patton, C.J., and Taylor, H.E., 1993,

Automated, colorimetric methods for determination of nitrate plus nitrite, ammonium and orthophosphate ions in nautral water samples: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-638, 40 p.

Archfield, S.A., and LeBlanc, D.R., 2005,

Comparison of diffusion- and pumped-sampling methods to monitor volatile organic compounds in ground water, Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, July 1999-December 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5010, 53 p.

Avanzino, R.J., and Kennedy, V.C., 1993,

Long-term frozen storage of streamwater samples for dissolved orthophosphate, nitrate plus nitrate, and ammonia analysis: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 10, p. 3357-3362.

Babiarz, C.L., Hurley, J.P., Krabbenhoft, D.P., Gilmour, C., and Branfireun, B.A., 2003,

Application of ultrafiltration and stable isotopic amendments to field studies of mercury partitioning to filterable carbon in lake water and overland runoff: The Science of the Total Environment, v. 304, no. 1-3, p. 295-303, doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00576-4.

Baedecker, M.J., 1994,

Field and laboratory results--getting the whole picture, in Symposium on Intrinsic Bioremediation of Ground Water, Denver, Colorado, August 30-September 1, 1994: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, p. 41-46.

Baehr, A.L., and Baker, R.J., 1995,

Use of a reactive gas transport model to determine rates of hydrocarbon biodegradation in unsaturated porous media: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 11, p. 2877-2882, 95WR02077, doi:10.1029/95WR02077.

Baehr, A.L., Fischer, J.M., Lahvis, M.A., Baker, R.J., and Smith, N.P., 1991,

Method for estimating rates of microbial degradation of hydrocarbons based on gas transport in the unsaturated zone at a gasoline-spill site in Galloway Township, New Jersey, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 250-255.

Baehr, A.L., Kauffman, L.J., Charles, E.G., Baker, R.J., Stackelberg, P.E., Ayers, M.A., and Zapecza, O.S., 1999,

Sampling throughout the hydrologic cycle to characterize sources of volatile organic compounds in ground water, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 3 of 3--Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018C, p. 21-35.

Baehr, A.L., Kauffman, L.J., Perkins, K., and Nolan, B.T., 2003,

Estimating spatial variability of recharge in southern New Jersey from unsaturated-zone measurements: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4288, 31 p.

Baesman, S.M., and Miller, L.G., 2005,

Laboratory determination of the carbon kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) for reactions of methyl halides with various nucleophiles in solution: Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, v. 52, p. 203-219, doi:10.1007/s10874-005-1904-0.

Baker, R.J., 1993,

A laboratory method for quantifying the rate of microbial degradation of hydrocarbons in unsaturated porous media: Philadelphia, Pa., Drexel University, Environmental Studies Institute, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 235 p.

Baker, R.J., Baehr, A.L., and Lahvis, M.A., 2000,

Estimation of hydrocarbon biodegradation rates in gasoline-contaminated sediment from measured respiration rates: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 41, no. 1-2, p. 175-192, doi:10.1016/S0169-7722(99)00063-7.

Baker, R.J., Baehr, A.L., and Lahvis, M.A., 1999,

Equilibrium vapor method to determine the concentration of inorganic carbon and other compounds in water samples, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 3 of 3--Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018C, p. 103-112.

Baker, R.J., Fischer, J.M., Smith, N.P., Koehnlein, S.A., and Baehr, A.L., 1991,

Gas-chromatographic methods for determining the composition of the vapor phase in gasoline-contaminated soils, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 280-286.

Ball, J.W., 2003,

New cation-exchange method for field speciation of hexavalent chromium: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 006-03, 4 p.

Ball, J.W., and Izbicki, J.A., 2004,

Occurrence of hexavalent chromium in ground water in the western Mojave Desert, California: Applied Geochemistry, v. 19, p. 1123-1135, doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.01.011.

Ball, J.W., Izbicki, J.A., and Bullen, T.D., 2003,

Stable isotope variations of hexavalent chromium in ground water in the western part of the Mojave Desert, California, USA, in Fifth International Symposium on Applied Isotope Geochemistry, Heron Island, Australia, May 26-30, 2003.

Ball, J.W., and McCleskey, R.B., 2003,

A new cation-exchange method for accurate field speciation of hexavalent chromium: Talanta, v. 61, no. 3, p. 305-313, doi:10.1016/S0039-9140(03)00282-0.

Ball, J.W., and McCleskey, R.B., 2003,

A new cation-exchange method for accurate field speciation of hexavalent chromium: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4018, 17 p.

Ball, J.W., and Nordstrom, D.K., 1994,

A comparison of simultaneous plasma, atomic absorption, and iron colormetric techniques for the determination of major and trace constituents in acid mine waters: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4122, 151 p.

Ball, J.W., Nordstrom, D.K., McCleskey, R.B., and To, T.B., 1999,

A new method for the direct determination of dissolved Fe(III) concentration in acid mine waters, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 1 of 3--Contamination from Hardrock Mining: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018A, p. 297-304.

Barber, L.B., 2003,

Characterization of dissolved organic matter by concentration, fractionation, and molecular weight determination (Chapter 8), in Schroeder, R.A., ed., Water-quality changes and organic-carbon characterization during recharge with recycled water at a research basin in Montebello Forebay, Los Angeles, California, 1991-1996: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4146, p. 78-88.

Barber, L.B., 2002,

Long term fate of organic micro-pollutants in the subsurface environment, Cape Cod, Massachusetts--From field studies to experimentation, in Aiken, G.R., and Kuniansky, E.L., eds., U.S. Geological Survey artificial Recharge Workshop Proceedings, Sacramento, California, April 2-4, 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-89, p. 34-37.

Barber, L.B., 1992,

Hierarchical analytical approach to evaluating the transport and biogeochemical fate of organic compounds in sewage-contaminated groundwater, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in Lesage, S., and Jackson, R.E., eds., Groundwater contamination and analysis at hazardous waste sites: New York, Marcel Dekker, p. 73-120.

Barber, L.B., Antweiler, R.C., Brown, G.K., Keefe, S.H., Peart, D.B., Plowman, T.I., Roth, D.A., and Taylor, H.E., 2003,

Organic and trace element contaminants in water, biota, sediments, and semi-permeable membrane devices at the Tres Rios Demonstration Wetlands, Phoenix, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4129, 88 p.

Barber, L.B., Brown, G.K., Writer, J.H., and Zaugg, S.A., 1998,

Analysis of potential endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage effluents using continuous liquid-liquid extraction with derivatization and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, in Proceedings of the American Chemical Society National Meeting, Boston, Massachusetts, August 23-27, 1998: v. 38, p. 273-275.

Barber, L.B., II, 1987,

Influence of geochemical heterogeneity in a sand and gravel aquifer on the transport of nonionic organic solutes--Methods of sediment characterization, in Franks, B.J., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Program on Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination--Proceedings of the third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-109, p. B-45-B-51.

Barber, L.B., II, Lewis, J.A., Schroeder, M.P., and Gibs, J., 1989,

Applicability of conventional methods for analysis of trace-level organic contaminants in natural waters, in Mallard, G.E., and Ragone, S.E., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, September 26-30, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4220, p. 613.

Barber, L.B., II, Thurman, E.M., and Schroeder, M.P., 1984,

Closed-loop stripping combined with capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis to define a semi-volatile organic contaminant plume, in LeBlanc, D.R., ed., Movement and fate of solutes in a plume of sewage-contaminated ground water, Cape Cod, Massachusetts--U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Waste Ground-Water Contamination Program--Papers presented at the toxic waste technical meeting, Tucson, Arizona, March 20-22, 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-475, p. 89-114.

Barber, L.B., II, Thurman, E.M., Takahashi, Y., and Noriega, M.C., 1992,

Comparison of purge and trap GC/MS and purgeable organic chloride analysis for monitoring volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons: Ground Water, v. 30, no. 6, p. 836-848, doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1992.tb01565.x.

Barber, L.B., Murphy, S.F., Verplanck, P.L., Sandstrom, M.W., Taylor, H.E., and Furlong, E.T., 2006,

Chemical loading into surface water along a hydrological, biogeochemical, and land use gradient--A holistic watershed approach: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 40, no. 2, p. 475-486, doi:10.1021/es051270q.

Barringer, T.A., Dunn, D., Battaglin, W., and Vowinkel, E.F., 1990,

Problems and methods involved in relating land use to ground-water quality: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 26, no. 1, p. 1-9, doi:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01345.x.

Bastian, K.C., Thurman, E.M., and Rebich, R.A., 1998,

Comparison of enzyme-linked immunoassay with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for analysis of the cotton herbicide fluometuron, in 28th Mississippi Water Resources Conference, Proceedings, Raymond, Mississippi, April 7-8, 1998: Starkville, Miss., Mississippi State University, p. 45-55.

Battaglin, W.A., Furlong, E.T., and Burkhardt, M.R., 2001,

Concentration of selected sulfonylurea, sulfonamide, and imadazolinone herbicides, other pesticides, and nutrients in 71 streams, 5 reservoir outflows, and 25 wells in the midwestern United States, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4225, 123 p.

Battaglin, W.A., Ulery, R.L., and Vowinkel, E.F., 1989,

Method for simulating water-table altitudes from stream and drainage-basin locations by use of a geographic information system, in Mallard, G.E., and Ragone, S.E., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, September 26-30, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4220, p. 531-539.

Bazuhair, A.S., and Wood, W.W., 1996,

Chloride mass-balance method for estimating ground-water recharge in arid areas--Examples from western Saudi Arabia: Journal of Hydrology, v. 186, p. 153-159, doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03028-4.

Bekins, B.A., Cozzarelli, I.M., and Curtis, G.P., 2005,

A simple method for calculating growth rates of petroleum hydrocarbon plumes: Ground Water, v. 0, no. 0, doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00093.x.

Belaval, M., Lane, J.W., Jr, Lesmes, D.P., and Kineke, G., 2003,

Continuous-resistivity-profiling for coastal ground-water investigations--three case histories, in Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (SAGEEP), San Antonio, Texas, April 6-10, 2003: Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society, p. CD-ROM, 14 p.

Bergamaschi, B.A., Baston, D.S., Crepeau, K.L., and Kuivila, K.M., 1999,

Determination of pesticides associated with suspended sediments in the San Joaquin River, California, USA, using gas-chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry: Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, v. 69, p. 305-319.

Bisdorf, R.J., 2002,

Schlumberger soundings at the Amargosa Desert Research Site, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-0140.

Bisdorf, R.J., 1996,

Schlumberger soundings at the Norman Landfill, Norman, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-668, 45 p.

Bisdorf, R.J., and Lucius, J.E., 1999,

Mapping the Norman, Oklahoma, landfill contaminant plume using electrical geophysics, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 3 of 3--Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018C, p. 579-584.

Blevins, D.W., Wilkison, D.H., Silva, S.R., and Kelly, B.P., 1996,

Use of 15N to trace movement of nitrogen fertilizer at a field plot, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015, v. 1, p. 401-409.

Böhlke, J.K., 2006,

Tracemodel1 - Excel workbook for calculation and presentation of environmental tracer data for simple groundwater mixtures, in IAEA, ed., IAEA guidebook on the use of chlorofluorocarbons in hydrology, Appendix III: Vienna, International Atomic Energy Agency, p. 229-233, ISBN:92-0-100805-8.

Böhlke, J.K., Gwinn, C.J., and Coplen, T.B., 1993,

New reference materials for nitrogen-isotope-ratio measurements: Geostandards Newsletter, v. 17, p. 159-164.

Böhlke, J.K., Mroczkowski, S.J., and Coplen, T.B., 2003,

New reference materials for oxygen isotopes in nitrate, in International Symposium on Isotope Hydrology and Integrated Water Resources Management (IAEA-CSP-23), Vienna, Austria, May 19-23, 2003: International Atomic Energy Agency, p. 477-478.

Böhlke, J.K., Mroczkowski, S.J., and Coplen, T.B., 2003,

Oxygen isotopes in nitrate--New reference materials for ¹⁸0:¹⁷0:¹⁶0 measurements and observations on nitrate-water equilibration: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, v. 17, p. 1835-1846.

Böhlke, J.K., Smith, R.L., and Hannon, J.E., 2007,

Isotopic analysis of N and O in nitrite and nitrate by sequential selective bacterial reduction to N₂O: Analytical Chemistry, v. 79, no. 15, p. 5888-5895, doi:10.1021/ac070176k.

Böhlke, J.K., Sturchio, N.C., Gu, B., Horita, J., Brown, G.M., Jackson, W.A., Batista, J.R., and Hatzinger, P.B., 2005,

Perchlorate isotope forensics: Analytical Chemistry, v. 77, no. 23, p. 7838-7842, doi:10.1021/ac051360d.

Borrok, D.M., Wanty, R.B., Ridly, W.I., Wolf, R., Lamothe, P.J., and Adams, M., 2007,

Separation of copper, iron, and zinc from complex aqueous solutions for isotopic measurement: Chemical Geology, v. 242, no. 3-4, p. 400-414, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.04.004.

Boyle, T.P., and Gustina, G.W., 2000,

A strategy for use of multivariate methods of analysis of benthic macroinvertebrate communities to assess mine-related ecological stress, in Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, Denver, Colorado, May 21-24, 2000: Littleton, Colo., Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, p. 1425-1432.

Brenner, I.B., and Taylor, H.E., 1992,

A critical review of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for geoanalysis, geochemistry and hydrology, Part 1, Analytical performance: Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, v. 11, p. 452-463.

Bricker, O.P., Bowser, C.J., and Jones, B.F., 2003,

Mass balance approach to interpreting weathering reactions in watershed systems (chapter 4), in Drever, J.I., ed., Treatise on Geochemistry: Elsevier, v. 5 of 10 volumes, p. 119-132, ISBN:9780080437514.

Brinton, T.I., Antweiler, R.C., and Taylor, H.E., 1996,

Method for the determination of dissolved chloride, nitrate and sulfate in natural water using ion chromatography: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-426-A, 16 p.

Brooks, M.H., 1991,

Development and evaluation of a technique for measuring denitrification enzyme activity in nitrate-contaminated ground water: Golden, Colorado School of Mines, Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, unpublished M.S. thesis, 94 p.

Brown, C.E., 1986,

Determination of rock properties by borehole geophysical and physical testing techniques and ground-water quality and movement, Durham Triassic Basin, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1432, 86 p.

Brown, G.K., MacCarthy, P., and Leenheer, J.A., 1999,

Simultaneous determination of Ca, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Cd binding strength with fulvic acid fractions by Schubert's method: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 402, p. 169-181, doi:10.1016/S0003-2670(99)00530-9.

Brown, G.K., Zaugg, S.D., and Barber, L.B., 1999,

Wastewater analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 2 of 3--Contamination of Hydrologic Systems and Related Ecosystems: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018B, p. 431-435.

Brown, P.A., and Leenheer, J.A., 1994,

Significance of density determination in molecular structures comprising fulvic acid from the Suwannee River, in Averett, R.C., Leenheer, J.A., McKnight, D.M., and Thorn, K.A., eds., Humic substances in the Suwannee River, Georgia--Interactions, properties, and proposed structures: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2373, p. 183-194.

Brumbaugh, W.G., Petty, J.D., Huckins, J.N., and Manahan, S.E., 1999,

Development of a passive integrative sampler for labile metals in water, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 1 of 3--Contamination from Hardrock Mining: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018A, p. 93-98.

Buchmiller, R.C., 1988,

Use of gas chromatograph/flame ionization detector to identify organic substances in ground water, in Ragone, S.E., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Program on Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination--Proceedings of the second technical meeting, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 21-25, 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-481, p. F-17.

Buchwalter, D.B., Cain, D.J., Clements, W.H., and Luoma, S.N., 2007,

Using biodynamic models to reconcile differences between laboratory toxicity tests and field biomonitoring with aquatic insects: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 41, no. 13, p. 4,821-4,828, doi:10.1021/es070464y.

Bullen, T.D., and Kendall, C., 1998,

Tracing of weathering reactions and water flowpaths--A multi-isotope approach, in Kendall, C., and McDonnell, J.J., eds., Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 611-646.

Bunn, A.L., 1992,

Techniques for enumerating protozoa in saturated subsurface sediments: Durham, University of New Hampshire, Department of Civil Engineering, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 317 p.

Burkhardt, M.R., ReVello, R.C., Smith, S.G., and Zaugg, s.D., 2005,

Pressurized liquid extraction using water/isopropanol coupled with solid-phase extraction cleanup for industrial and anthropogenic waste-indicator compounds in sediment: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 534, no. 1, p. 89-100, doi:10.1016/j.aca.2004.11.023.

Burkhardt, M.R., Zaugg, S.D., Smith, S.G., and ReVello, R.C., 2006,

Determination of wastewater compounds in sediment and soil by pressurized solvent extraction, solid-phase extraction, and capillary-column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 5, sec. B, chap. 2, 33 p.

Burton, B.L., Olhoeft, G.R., and Powers, M.H., 2004,

Frequency spectral analysis of GPR data over a crude oil spill, in Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar, Delft, The Netherlands, June 21-24, 2004: Delft University of Technology, p. 267-270.

Burton, W.C., Plummer, L.N., Busenberg, E., Lindsey, B.D., and Gburek, W.J., 2002,

Influence of fracture anisotropy on ground water ages and chemistry, Valley and Ridge Province, Pennsylvania: Ground Water, v. 40, no. 3, p. 242-257, doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02652.x.

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