Methods

Research and development of field and laboratory environmental measurement methods

Abraham, J.D., and Lucius, J.E., 2004,

Direct current resistivity profiling to study distribution of water in the unsaturated zone near the Amargosa Desert Research Site, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1319, 16 p.

Aga, D.S., Thurman, E.M., and Pomes, M.L., 1996,

Measurement of concentrations of alachlor and its ethanesulfonic acid metabolite in water by solid-phase extraction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015, v. 1, p. 385-392.

Aga, D.S., Thurman, E.M., Yockel, M.E., Zimmerman, L.R., and Williams, T.D., 1996,

Identification of a new sulfonic acid metabolite of metolachlor in soil: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 30, no. 2, p. 592-597, doi:10.1021/es9503600.

Aiken, G.R., 2003,

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) characterization, in Schuster, P.F., ed., Water and sediment quality in the Yukon River Basin, Alaska, during water year 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-427, p. 23-26.

Aiken, G.R., 1992,

Chloride interference in the analysis of dissolved organic carbon by the wet oxidation method: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 26, no. 12, p. 2435-2439 (Scroll down pdf for abstract), doi:10.1021/es00036a015.

Aiken, G.R., Kaplan, L.A., and Weishaar, J., 2002,

Assessment of relative accuracy in the determination of organic matter concentrations in aquatic systems: Journal of Environmental Monitoring, v. 4, p. 70-74, doi:10.1039/b107322m.

Alpers, C.N., Taylor, H.E., Roth, D.A., Cain, D.J., Ball, J.W., Unruh, D.M., and Deleanis, P.D., 2000,

Study design--Field and laboratory methods, in Alpers, C.N., Taylor, H.E., and Domagalski, J.J., eds., Metals transport in the Sacramento River, California, 1996-97--Volume 1. Methods and data: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4286, p. 19-37.

Alvarez, D.A., Stackelberg, P.E., Petty, J.D., Huckins, J.N., Furlong, E.T., Zaugg, S.D., and Meyer, M.T., 2005,

Comparison of a novel passive sampler to standard water-column sampling for organic contaminants associated with wastewater effluents entering a New Jersey stream: Chemosphere, v. 61, no. 5, p. 610-622, doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.03.023.

Andraski, B.J., Sandstrom, M.W., Michel, R.L., Radyk, J.C., Stonestrom, D.A., Johnson, M.J., and Mayers, C.J., 2003,

Simplified method for detecting tritium contamination in plants and soil: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 32, no. 3, p. 988-995.

Andraski, B.J., Stonestrom, D.A., Michel, R.L., Halford, K.J., and Radyk, J.C., 2005,

Plant-based plume-scale mapping of tritium contamination in desert soils: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 4, p. 819-827, doi:10.2136/vzj2005.0052.

Antweiler, R.C., Patton, C.J., and Taylor, H.E., 1993,

Automated, colorimetric methods for determination of nitrate plus nitrite, ammonium and orthophosphate ions in nautral water samples: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-638, 40 p.

Archfield, S.A., and LeBlanc, D.R., 2005,

Comparison of diffusion- and pumped-sampling methods to monitor volatile organic compounds in ground water, Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, July 1999-December 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5010, 53 p.

Babiarz, C.L., Hurley, J.P., Krabbenhoft, D.P., Gilmour, C., and Branfireun, B.A., 2003,

Application of ultrafiltration and stable isotopic amendments to field studies of mercury partitioning to filterable carbon in lake water and overland runoff: The Science of the Total Environment, v. 304, no. 1-3, p. 295-303, doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00576-4.

Baehr, A.L., and Baker, R.J., 1995,

Use of a reactive gas transport model to determine rates of hydrocarbon biodegradation in unsaturated porous media: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 11, p. 2877-2882, 95WR02077, doi:10.1029/95WR02077.

Baehr, A.L., Fischer, J.M., Lahvis, M.A., Baker, R.J., and Smith, N.P., 1991,

Method for estimating rates of microbial degradation of hydrocarbons based on gas transport in the unsaturated zone at a gasoline-spill site in Galloway Township, New Jersey, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 250-255.

Baehr, A.L., Kauffman, L.J., Charles, E.G., Baker, R.J., Stackelberg, P.E., Ayers, M.A., and Zapecza, O.S., 1999,

Sampling throughout the hydrologic cycle to characterize sources of volatile organic compounds in ground water, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 3 of 3--Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018C, p. 21-35.

Baehr, A.L., Kauffman, L.J., Perkins, K., and Nolan, B.T., 2003,

Estimating spatial variability of recharge in southern New Jersey from unsaturated-zone measurements: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4288, 31 p.

Baesman, S.M., and Miller, L.G., 2005,

Laboratory determination of the carbon kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) for reactions of methyl halides with various nucleophiles in solution: Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, v. 52, p. 203-219, doi:10.1007/s10874-005-1904-0.

Baker, R.J., Baehr, A.L., and Lahvis, M.A., 2000,

Estimation of hydrocarbon biodegradation rates in gasoline-contaminated sediment from measured respiration rates: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 41, no. 1-2, p. 175-192, doi:10.1016/S0169-7722(99)00063-7.

Baker, R.J., Baehr, A.L., and Lahvis, M.A., 1999,

Equilibrium vapor method to determine the concentration of inorganic carbon and other compounds in water samples, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 3 of 3--Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018C, p. 103-112.

Baker, R.J., Fischer, J.M., Smith, N.P., Koehnlein, S.A., and Baehr, A.L., 1991,

Gas-chromatographic methods for determining the composition of the vapor phase in gasoline-contaminated soils, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 280-286.

Ball, J.W., 2003,

New cation-exchange method for field speciation of hexavalent chromium: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 006-03, 4 p.

Ball, J.W., and Izbicki, J.A., 2004,

Occurrence of hexavalent chromium in ground water in the western Mojave Desert, California: Applied Geochemistry, v. 19, p. 1123-1135, doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.01.011.

Ball, J.W., and McCleskey, R.B., 2003,

A new cation-exchange method for accurate field speciation of hexavalent chromium: Talanta, v. 61, no. 3, p. 305-313, doi:10.1016/S0039-9140(03)00282-0.

Ball, J.W., and McCleskey, R.B., 2003,

A new cation-exchange method for accurate field speciation of hexavalent chromium: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4018, 17 p.

Ball, J.W., and Nordstrom, D.K., 1994,

A comparison of simultaneous plasma, atomic absorption, and iron colormetric techniques for the determination of major and trace constituents in acid mine waters: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4122, 151 p.

Ball, J.W., Nordstrom, D.K., McCleskey, R.B., and To, T.B., 1999,

A new method for the direct determination of dissolved Fe(III) concentration in acid mine waters, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 1 of 3--Contamination from Hardrock Mining: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018A, p. 297-304.

Barber, L.B., 2003,

Characterization of dissolved organic matter by concentration, fractionation, and molecular weight determination (Chapter 8), in Schroeder, R.A., ed., Water-quality changes and organic-carbon characterization during recharge with recycled water at a research basin in Montebello Forebay, Los Angeles, California, 1991-1996: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4146, p. 78-88.

Barber, L.B., 2002,

Long term fate of organic micro-pollutants in the subsurface environment, Cape Cod, Massachusetts--From field studies to experimentation, in Aiken, G.R., and Kuniansky, E.L., eds., U.S. Geological Survey artificial Recharge Workshop Proceedings, Sacramento, California, April 2-4, 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-89, p. 34-37.

Barber, L.B., Antweiler, R.C., Brown, G.K., Keefe, S.H., Peart, D.B., Plowman, T.I., Roth, D.A., and Taylor, H.E., 2003,

Organic and trace element contaminants in water, biota, sediments, and semi-permeable membrane devices at the Tres Rios Demonstration Wetlands, Phoenix, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4129, 88 p.

Barber, L.B., II, 1987,

Influence of geochemical heterogeneity in a sand and gravel aquifer on the transport of nonionic organic solutes--Methods of sediment characterization, in Franks, B.J., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Program on Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination--Proceedings of the third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-109, p. B-45-B-51.

Barber, L.B., II, Lewis, J.A., Schroeder, M.P., and Gibs, J., 1989,

Applicability of conventional methods for analysis of trace-level organic contaminants in natural waters, in Mallard, G.E., and Ragone, S.E., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, September 26-30, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4220, p. 613.

Barber, L.B., II, Thurman, E.M., and Schroeder, M.P., 1984,

Closed-loop stripping combined with capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis to define a semi-volatile organic contaminant plume, in LeBlanc, D.R., ed., Movement and fate of solutes in a plume of sewage-contaminated ground water, Cape Cod, Massachusetts--U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Waste Ground-Water Contamination Program--Papers presented at the toxic waste technical meeting, Tucson, Arizona, March 20-22, 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-475, p. 89-114.

Barber, L.B., II, Thurman, E.M., Takahashi, Y., and Noriega, M.C., 1992,

Comparison of purge and trap GC/MS and purgeable organic chloride analysis for monitoring volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons: Ground Water, v. 30, no. 6, p. 836-848, doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1992.tb01565.x.

Barber, L.B., Murphy, S.F., Verplanck, P.L., Sandstrom, M.W., Taylor, H.E., and Furlong, E.T., 2006,

Chemical loading into surface water along a hydrological, biogeochemical, and land use gradient--A holistic watershed approach: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 40, no. 2, p. 475-486, doi:10.1021/es051270q.

Barringer, T.A., Dunn, D., Battaglin, W., and Vowinkel, E.F., 1990,

Problems and methods involved in relating land use to ground-water quality: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 26, no. 1, p. 1-9, doi:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01345.x.

Battaglin, W.A., Furlong, E.T., and Burkhardt, M.R., 2001,

Concentration of selected sulfonylurea, sulfonamide, and imadazolinone herbicides, other pesticides, and nutrients in 71 streams, 5 reservoir outflows, and 25 wells in the midwestern United States, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4225, 123 p.

Battaglin, W.A., Ulery, R.L., and Vowinkel, E.F., 1989,

Method for simulating water-table altitudes from stream and drainage-basin locations by use of a geographic information system, in Mallard, G.E., and Ragone, S.E., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, September 26-30, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4220, p. 531-539.

Bazuhair, A.S., and Wood, W.W., 1996,

Chloride mass-balance method for estimating ground-water recharge in arid areas--Examples from western Saudi Arabia: Journal of Hydrology, v. 186, p. 153-159, doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03028-4.

Bekins, B.A., Cozzarelli, I.M., and Curtis, G.P., 2005,

A simple method for calculating growth rates of petroleum hydrocarbon plumes: Ground Water, v. 0, no. 0, doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00093.x.

Belaval, M., Lane, J.W., Jr, Lesmes, D.P., and Kineke, G., 2003,

Continuous-resistivity-profiling for coastal ground-water investigations--three case histories, in Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (SAGEEP), San Antonio, Texas, April 6-10, 2003: Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society, p. CD-ROM, 14 p.

Bisdorf, R.J., 2002,

Schlumberger soundings at the Amargosa Desert Research Site, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-0140.

Bisdorf, R.J., 1996,

Schlumberger soundings at the Norman Landfill, Norman, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-668, 45 p.

Bisdorf, R.J., and Lucius, J.E., 1999,

Mapping the Norman, Oklahoma, landfill contaminant plume using electrical geophysics, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 3 of 3--Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018C, p. 579-584.

Blevins, D.W., Wilkison, D.H., Silva, S.R., and Kelly, B.P., 1996,

Use of 15N to trace movement of nitrogen fertilizer at a field plot, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015, v. 1, p. 401-409.

Böhlke, J.K., 2006,

Tracemodel1 - Excel workbook for calculation and presentation of environmental tracer data for simple groundwater mixtures, in IAEA, ed., IAEA guidebook on the use of chlorofluorocarbons in hydrology, Appendix III: Vienna, International Atomic Energy Agency, p. 229-233, ISBN:92-0-100805-8.

Böhlke, J.K., Smith, R.L., and Hannon, J.E., 2007,

Isotopic analysis of N and O in nitrite and nitrate by sequential selective bacterial reduction to N₂O: Analytical Chemistry, v. 79, no. 15, p. 5888-5895, doi:10.1021/ac070176k.

Böhlke, J.K., Sturchio, N.C., Gu, B., Horita, J., Brown, G.M., Jackson, W.A., Batista, J.R., and Hatzinger, P.B., 2005,

Perchlorate isotope forensics: Analytical Chemistry, v. 77, no. 23, p. 7838-7842, doi:10.1021/ac051360d.

Borrok, D.M., Wanty, R.B., Ridly, W.I., Wolf, R., Lamothe, P.J., and Adams, M., 2007,

Separation of copper, iron, and zinc from complex aqueous solutions for isotopic measurement: Chemical Geology, v. 242, no. 3-4, p. 400-414, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.04.004.

Bricker, O.P., Bowser, C.J., and Jones, B.F., 2003,

Mass balance approach to interpreting weathering reactions in watershed systems (chapter 4), in Drever, J.I., ed., Treatise on Geochemistry: Elsevier, v. 5 of 10 volumes, p. 119-132, ISBN:9780080437514.

Brinton, T.I., Antweiler, R.C., and Taylor, H.E., 1996,

Method for the determination of dissolved chloride, nitrate and sulfate in natural water using ion chromatography: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-426-A, 16 p.

Brown, C.E., 1986,

Determination of rock properties by borehole geophysical and physical testing techniques and ground-water quality and movement, Durham Triassic Basin, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1432, 86 p.

Brown, G.K., MacCarthy, P., and Leenheer, J.A., 1999,

Simultaneous determination of Ca, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Cd binding strength with fulvic acid fractions by Schubert's method: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 402, p. 169-181, doi:10.1016/S0003-2670(99)00530-9.

Brown, G.K., Zaugg, S.D., and Barber, L.B., 1999,

Wastewater analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 2 of 3--Contamination of Hydrologic Systems and Related Ecosystems: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018B, p. 431-435.

Brown, P.A., and Leenheer, J.A., 1994,

Significance of density determination in molecular structures comprising fulvic acid from the Suwannee River, in Averett, R.C., Leenheer, J.A., McKnight, D.M., and Thorn, K.A., eds., Humic substances in the Suwannee River, Georgia--Interactions, properties, and proposed structures: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2373, p. 183-194.

Brumbaugh, W.G., Petty, J.D., Huckins, J.N., and Manahan, S.E., 1999,

Development of a passive integrative sampler for labile metals in water, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 1 of 3--Contamination from Hardrock Mining: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018A, p. 93-98.

Buchmiller, R.C., 1988,

Use of gas chromatograph/flame ionization detector to identify organic substances in ground water, in Ragone, S.E., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Program on Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination--Proceedings of the second technical meeting, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 21-25, 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-481, p. F-17.

Buchwalter, D.B., Cain, D.J., Clements, W.H., and Luoma, S.N., 2007,

Using biodynamic models to reconcile differences between laboratory toxicity tests and field biomonitoring with aquatic insects: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 41, no. 13, p. 4,821-4,828, doi:10.1021/es070464y.

Bullen, T.D., and Kendall, C., 1998,

Tracing of weathering reactions and water flowpaths--A multi-isotope approach, in Kendall, C., and McDonnell, J.J., eds., Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 611-646.

Burkhardt, M.R., ReVello, R.C., Smith, S.G., and Zaugg, s.D., 2005,

Pressurized liquid extraction using water/isopropanol coupled with solid-phase extraction cleanup for industrial and anthropogenic waste-indicator compounds in sediment: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 534, no. 1, p. 89-100, doi:10.1016/j.aca.2004.11.023.

Burkhardt, M.R., Zaugg, S.D., Smith, S.G., and ReVello, R.C., 2006,

Determination of wastewater compounds in sediment and soil by pressurized solvent extraction, solid-phase extraction, and capillary-column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 5, sec. B, chap. 2, 33 p.

Burton, W.C., Plummer, L.N., Busenberg, E., Lindsey, B.D., and Gburek, W.J., 2002,

Influence of fracture anisotropy on ground water ages and chemistry, Valley and Ridge Province, Pennsylvania: Ground Water, v. 40, no. 3, p. 242-257, doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02652.x.

Busenberg, E., and Plummer, L.N., 2006,

Potential use of other atmospheric gases (chapter 10), in IAEA, ed., Use of chlorofluorocarbons in hydrology--A guidebook: Vienna, International Atomic Energy Agency, p. 183-190.

Busenberg, E., and Plummer, L.N., 2000,

Dating young groundwater with sulfur hexafluoride--Natural and anthropogenic sources of sulfur hexafluoride: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 10, p. 3011-3030, 2000WR900151, doi:10.1029/2000WR900151.

Busenberg, E., and Plummer, L.N., 1992,

Use of chlorofluorocarbons (CCl3F and CCl2F2) as hydrologic tracers and age-dating tools--The alluvium and terrace system of central Oklahoma: Water Resources Research, v. 28, p. 2257-2283, 92WR01263, doi:10.1029/92WR01263.

Busenberg, E., and Plummer, L.N., 1991,

Chloroflurocarbons (CCl3F and CCl2F2)--Use as an age-dating tool and hydrologic tracer in shallow ground-water streams, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 542-547.

Busenberg, E., and Plummer, L.N., 1987,

pH measurement of low-conductivity waters: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4060, 22 p.

Busenberg, E., Plummer, L.N., Cook, P.G., Solomon, D.K., Han, L.F., Gröning, M., and Oster, H., 2006,

Sampling and analytical methods (chapter 12), in IAEA, ed., Use of chlorofluorocarbons in hydrology--A guidebook: Vienna, International Atomic Energy Agency, p. 199-220.

Buszka, P.M., Barber, L.B., II, Schroeder, M.P., and Becker, L.D., 1994,

Determination of organic compounds downstream from a treated-wastewater discharge near Dallas, Texas, March 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4194, 19 p.

Buursink, M.L., and Lane, J.W., Jr, 1999,

Characterizing fractures in a bedrock outcrop using ground-penetrating radar at Mirror Lake, Grafton County, New Hampshire, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 3 of 3--Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018C, p. 769-776.

Buursink, M.L., Lane, J.W., Jr., Clement, W.P., and Knoll, M.D., 2002,

Use of vertical-radar profiling to estimate porosity at two New England sites and comparison with neutron log porosity, in Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems, Proceedings, Las Vegas, Nevada, February 10-14, 2002: Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society , CD-ROM, 12 p.

Cahill, J.D., Furlong, E.T., Burkhardt, M.R., Kolpin, D.W., and Anderson, L.G., 2004,

Determination of pharmaceutical compounds in surface- and ground-water samples by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography--electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: Journal of Chromatography A, v. 1041, no. 1-2, p. 171-180, doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2004.04.005.

Capel, P.D., and Barbeau, D.S., 1991,

Method for the systematic evaluation of organic chemical retention by solid-phase-extraction columns, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 330-333.

Caputo, M.C., and Nimmo, J.R., 2005,

Quasi-steady centrifuge method for unsaturated hydraulic properties: Water Resources Research, v. 41, W11504, doi:10.1029/2005WR003957.

Carmody, R.W., Plummer, L.N., Busenberg, E., and Coplen, T.B., 1998,

Methods for collection of dissolved sulfate and sulfide and analysis of their sulfur isotopic composition: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-234, 91 p.

Carter, J.L., and Resh, V.H., 2001,

After site selection and before data analysis--sampling, sorting, and laboratory procedures used in stream benthic macroinvertebrate monitoring programs by USA state agencies: Journal of the North American Benthological Society, v. 20, no. 4, p. 658-682.

Casciotti, K.L., Böhlke, J.K., McIlvin, M.R., Mroczkowski, S.J., and Hannon, J.E., 2007,

Oxygen isotopes in nitrite--Analysis, calibration, and equilibration: Analytical Chemistry, v. 79, no. 6, p. 2427-2436, doi:10.1021/ac061598h.

Casciotti, K.L., Sigman, D.M., Hastings, M., Böhlke, J.K., and Hilkert, A., 2002,

Measurement of the oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate in seawater and freshwater using the denitrifier method: Analytical Chemistry, v. 74, p. 4905-4912, doi:10.1021/ac020113w.

Chalmers, A., Nilles, M.A., Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Prestbo, E., 2005,

Analysis of mercury wet-deposition data collected with a newly designed sampler, Boston, Massachusetts metropolitan area, 2002-04: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1368, 17 p.

Chang, C.C., Langston, J., Riggs, M., Campbell, D.H., Silva, S.R., and Kendall, C., 1999,

A method for nitrate collection for ?15N and ?18O analysis from waters with low nitrate concentrations: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 56, p. 1856-1860.

Chang, C.C.Y., Kendall, C., Silva, S.R., Battaglin, W.A., and Campbell, D.H., 2002,

Nitrate stable isotopes--Tools for determining nitrate sources among different land uses in the Mississippi River Basin: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 59, no. 12, p. 1874-1885, doi:10.1139/f02-153.

Chapelle, F.H., 2004,

A mass balance approach to monitored natural attenuation, in Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, Calif., May 24-28, 2004: Columbus, Ohio, Battelle Press, (Contact The Conference Group Inc. for information on the availability of the proceedings.).

Chapelle, F.H., Campbell, B.G., Looney, B.B., Wiedemeier, T.H., and Sink, C.H., 2005,

Empirical and deterministic methods for assessing monitored natural attenuation, in Proceedings of the In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Eighth International Symposium, Baltimore, Maryland, June 6-9, 2005: Columbus, Ohio, Battelle Press, (Contact The Conference Group Inc. for information on the availability of the proceedings.).

Chapelle, F.H., Robertson, J.F., Landmeyer, J.E., and Bradley, P.M., 2000,

Methodology for applying monitored natural attenuation to petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated ground-water systems with examples from South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4161, 47. A 3 1/2" disk is included p.

Chapelle, F.H., Widdowson, M.A., Brauner, J.S., Mendez, E., and Casey, C.C., 2003,

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