Sewage Contamination in Sand and Gravel Aquifers — Cape Cod, Massachusetts

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Adaptive estimation of the log fluctuating conductivity from the tracer test data at the Cape Cod site: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 12, p. 4011-4018.

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Adsorption and reduction of chromium (VI) under toxic conditions in a shallow sand aquifer at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 63-71.

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Advective-transport observation (ADV) package, a computer program for adding advective-transport observations of steady-state flow fields to the three-dimensional ground-water-flow parameter-estimation model MODFLOWP: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-14, 67 p.

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Alternatives for remediating a phosphorus plume: Worcester, Mass., Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Civil Engineering, unpublished Senior thesis, 123 p.

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Altitude and configuration of the water table, western Cape Cod aquifer, Massachusetts, March 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-462, 1 plate.

Böhlke, J.K., Smith, R.L., and Miller, D.N., 2006,

Ammonium transport and reaction in contaminated groundwater--Application of isotope tracers and isotope fractionation studies: Water Resources Research, v. 42, W05411, doi:10.1029/2005WR004349.

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Analysis and modeling of infiltration and solute transport experiments in unsaturated sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: Princeton, N.J., Princeton University, Department of Civil Engineering and Operations Research, unpublished M.S. thesis, 266 p.

Savoie, J.G., 1999,

Analysis of carbon isotopes, determination of ground-water age, and estimated characteristics of the contaminant source at two fuel-spill plumes, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4112, 21 p.

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Analysis of the Cape Cod tracer data: Water Resources Research, v. 33, no. 1, p. 1-11, 96WR02586, doi:10.1029/96WR02586.

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Applicability of tetrazolium salts for measurement of respiratory activity and viability of groundwater bacteria: Journal of Microbiological Methods, v. 52, no. 1, p. 47-58, doi:10.1016/S0167-7012(02)00132-X.

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Application of a hollow-fiber, tangential-flow device for sampling suspended bacteria and particles from natural waters: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 19, no. 3, p. 625-629.

Springer, R.K., 1991,

Application of an improved slug test analysis to the large-scale characterization of heterogeneity in a Cape Cod aquifer: Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, unpublished M.S. thesis, 162 p.

Joesten, P.K., Lane, J.W., Jr., Savoie, J.G., and Versteeg, R.J., 2001,

Application of borehole-radar methods to image two permeable reactive-iron walls at the Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems, Denver, Colorado, March 4-7, 2001: Wheat Ridge, Colo., Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society, p. CD-ROM.

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Application of time-domain reflectrometry techniques to field-scale tracer testing in unsaturated sediments, in Gambolati, G., and Verri, G., eds., Advanced Methods for Groundwater Pollution Control, proceedings of the international symposium, Udine, Italy, May 5-6, 1994: Springer Verlag, International Centre for Mechanical Sciences, v. 364, p. 217-234.

Smith, R.L., Böhlke, J.K., Garabedian, S.P., Revesz, K.M., and Yoshinari, T., 2004,

Assessing denitrification in groundwater using natural gradient tracer tests with ¹⁵N--In situ measurement of a sequential multistep reaction: Water Resources Research, v. 40, W07101, doi:10.1029/2003WR002919.

Penarrieta, C.T., 1998,

Assessment of microbial oxygen consumption in a aquifer using a natural-gradient tracer test and core incubations: Boulder, University of Colorado, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, unpublished M.S. thesis, 124 p.

Smith, R.L., Baumgartner, L.K., Miller, D.N., Repert, D.A., and Böhlke, J.K., 2006,

Assessment of nitrification potential in ground water using short term, single-well injection experiments: Microbial Ecology, v. 51, no. 1, p. 22-35, doi:10.1007/s00248-004-0159-7.

Harvey, R.W., and Barber, L.B., II, 1992,

Associations of free-living bacteria and dissolved organic compounds in a plume of contaminated groundwater: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 9, no. 1, p. 91-103, doi:10.1016/0169-7722(92)90052-G.

Smith, R.L., Ceazan, M.L., and Brooks, M.H., 1994,

Autotrophic, hydrogen-oxidizing, denitrifying bacteria in groundwater--Potential agents for bioremediation of nitrate contamination: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 60, no. 6, p. 1949-1955.

Lee, R.W., 1996,

Background aqueous chemistry and effects of carbon dioxide variations in recharge in shallow ground water in a glacial outwash aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015, v. 1, p. 207-217.

Lee, R.W., 1991,

Background aqueous chemistry of shallow ground water in a sewage-contaminated glacial outwash aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 96-101.

Wang, M., 2007,

Bacterial chemotaxis through a sand plug in response to a consumable chemoattractant: Charlottesville, University of Virginia, Department of Chemical Engineering, M.S. Dissertation.

Harvey, R.W., and George, L.H., 1988,

Bacterial distribution and transport in a plume of sewage-contaminated ground water, in Ragone, S.E., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Program on Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination--Proceedings of the second technical meeting, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 21-25, 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-481, p. B-25-B-26.

Ryan, J.N., Elimelech, M., Ard, R.A., Harvey, R.W., and Johnson, P.R., 1999,

Bacteriophage PRD1 and silica colloid transport and recovery in an iron oxide-coated sand aquifer: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 33, no. 1, p. 63-73, doi:10.1021/es980350+.

Anderson, L.D., Kent, D.B., and Davis, J.A., 1994,

Batch experiments characterizing the reduction of chromium(VI) using suboxic material from a mildly reducing sand and gravel aquifer: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 28, no. 1, p. 178-185, doi:10.1021/es00050a025.

Krumme, M.L., Smith, R.L., Egestorff, J., Thiem, S.M., Tiedje, J.M., Timmis, K.N., and Dwyer, D., 1994,

Behavior of pollutant-degrading microorganisms in aquifers--Predictions for geneticaly engineered organisms: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 28, no. 6, p. 1134-1138, doi:10.1021/es00055a025.

Hollinshead, S., 1999,

The big mess--Environmental policy and contamination at the Massachusetts Military Reservation: New Haven, Conn., Yale University, Trumbell College, unpublished senior essay, 71 p.

Krueger, C.J., Radakovich, K.M., Sawyer, T.E., Barber, L.B., Smith, R.L., and Field, J.A., 1998,

Biodegradation of the surfactant linear alkylbenzenesulfonate in sewage-contaminated groundwater--A comparison of column experiments and field tracer tests: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 32, no. 24, p. 3954-3961, doi:10.1021/es9803456.

Moriera, N.F., 2000,

Biogeochemical degradation of phosphate in a contaminted sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: Amherst, Mass., Amherst College, Department of Geology, unpublished senior thesis, 98 p.

Barber, L.B., II, Thurman, E.M., Field, J.A., Leenheer, J.A., and LeBlanc, D.R., 1991,

Biogeochemical fate of organic compounds in sewage-contaminated ground water, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 102-105.

Chapelle, F.H., 1999,

Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated ground water--The perspectives of history and hydrogeology: Ground Water, v. 37, no. 1, p. 122-132.

LeBlanc, D.R., 2006,

Cape Cod Toxic Substances Hydrology research site--Physical, chemical, and biological processes that control the fate of contaminants in ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3096, 2 p.

Schwartz, F.W., and Zhang, H., 2003,

Case study 19-1, Cape Cod tracer experiment, in Schwartz, F.W., and Zhang, H., eds., Fundamentals of Ground Water: New York, John Wiley and Sons, p. 468-471, ISBN:978-0-471-13785-6.

Domenico, P.A., and Schwartz, F.W., 1990,

Case study in the application of a numerical model, in Domenico, P.A., and Schwartz, F.W., eds., Physical and chemical hydrogeology: New York, John Wiley and Sons, p. 665-670 (section 17.5), ISBN:047150744X.

Savoie, J.G., Kent, D.B., Smith, R.L., LeBlanc, D.R., and Hubble, D.W., 2004,

Changes in ground-water quality near two granular-iron permeable reactive barriers in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1997-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4309, 77 p.

Knoll, M.D., Haeni, F.P., and Knight, R.J., 1991,

Characterization of a sand and gravel aquifer using ground-penetrating radar, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 29-35.

Springer, R.K., and Gelhar, L.W., 1991,

Characterization of large-scale aquifer heterogeneity in glacial outwash by analysis of slug tests with oscillatory responses, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 36-40.

Fuller, C.C., Davis, J.A., Coston, J.A., and Dixon, E., 1996,

Characterization of metal adsorption variability in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A.: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 22, no. 3-4, p. 165-187, doi:10.1016/0169-7722(95)00090-9.

Shapiro, S.D., LeBlanc, Denis, Schlosser, Peter, and Ludin, Andrea, 1999,

Characterizing a sewage plume using the 3H-3He dating: Ground Water, v. 37, no. 6, p. 861-878.

Reilly, T.E., LeBlanc, D.R., Bussey, K.W., Councell, T.B., Smith, R.L., and Böhlke, J.K., 1996,

Chemical and stable-isotope data from an experiment to examine temporal variability in water samples obtained from screened wells on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-734, 21 p.

Roy, S.B., and Dzombak, D.A., 1997,

Chemical factors influencing colloid-facilitated transport of contaminants in porous media: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 31, no. 3, p. 656-664, doi:10.1021/es9600643.

Barber, L.B., II, Thurman, E.M., and Schroeder, M.P., 1984,

Closed-loop stripping combined with capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis to define a semi-volatile organic contaminant plume, in LeBlanc, D.R., ed., Movement and fate of solutes in a plume of sewage-contaminated ground water, Cape Cod, Massachusetts--U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Waste Ground-Water Contamination Program--Papers presented at the toxic waste technical meeting, Tucson, Arizona, March 20-22, 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-475, p. 89-114.

Savoie, J., LeBlanc, D.R., Coppola, S.P., and Hess, K.M., 1998,

Collection of water samples, in Savoie, J., and LeBlanc, D.R., eds., Water-quality data and methods of analysis for samples collected near a plume of sewage-contaminated ground water, Ashumet Valley, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4269, p. 6-10.

Reynolds, M.D., 1985,

Colloids in ground water: Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, unpublished M.S. thesis, 99 p.

Backhus, D.A., 1990,

Colloids in groundwater--Laboratory and field studies of their influence on hydrophobic organic contaminants: Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 198 p.

Moench, A.F., 1995,

Combining the Neuman and Boulton models for flow to a well in an unconfined aquifer: Ground Water, v. 33, no. 3, p. 378-384.

Smith, R.L., Garabedian, S.P., and Brooks, M.H., 1996,

Comparison of denitrification activity measurements in ground water using cores and natural gradient tracer tests: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 30, no. 12, p. 3448-3456, doi:10.1021/es960042g.

Archfield, S.A., and LeBlanc, D.R., 2005,

Comparison of diffusion- and pumped-sampling methods to monitor volatile organic compounds in ground water, Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, July 1999-December 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5010, 53 p.

Barber, L.B., II, Thurman, E.M., Takahashi, Y., and Noriega, M.C., 1992,

Comparison of purge and trap GC/MS and purgeable organic chloride analysis for monitoring volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons: Ground Water, v. 30, no. 6, p. 836-848, doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1992.tb01565.x.

Garabedian, S.P., 1991,

A comparison of results from small- and large-scale tracer tests in a heterogeneous aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in Fliermans, C.B., and Hazen, T.C., eds., Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Microbiology of the Deep Subsurface, Orlando, Florida, January 15-19, 1990: Aiken, S.C., Westinghouse Savannah River Company, p. 7-167 to 7-176.

Abrams, R.H., 1999,

A compartmentalized approach to simulating redox zones in contaminated aquifers: Stanford, Calif., Stanford University, Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 182 p.

Abrams, R.H., and Loague, K., 2000,

A compartmentalized solute transport model for redox zones in contaminated aquifers--1, Theory and development: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 8, p. 2001-2013, 2000WR900110, doi:10.1029/2000WR900110.

Abrams, R.H., and Loague, K., 2000,

A compartmentalized solute transport model for redox zones in contaminated aquifers--2, Field-scale simulations: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 8, p. 2015--2029, 10.1029/2000WR900111, doi:10.1029/2000WR900111.

Thurman, E.M., 1987,

A conceptual chemical process model for sewage contamination of a sand and gravel aquifer, in Franks, B.J., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Program on Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination--Proceedings of the third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-109, p. B-37-B-42.

Harvey, R.W., 1989,

Considerations for modeling transport of bacteria in contaminated aquifers, in Abriola, L.M., ed., Groundwater Contamination, Proceedings of Symposium, Third Scientific Assembly, International Association of Hydrological Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, May 10-19, 1989: Wallingsford, England, International Association of Hydrological Sciences Press, International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication 185, p. 75-82.

Wang, M., Ford, R.M., and Harvey, R.W., 2008,

Coupled effect of chemotaxis and growth on microbial distributions in organic-amended aquifer sediments--Observations from laboratory and field studies, doi:10.1021/es702392h (Advanced Web release).

Gamache, M., Catlow, I., and King, T., 1999,

Cranberry bog remediation: Worcester, Mass., Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Civil Engineering, unpublished senior thesis, 115 p.

Savoie, J.G., Lane, J.W., Jr., and Joesten, P.K., 2001,

Cross-hole radar method monitors PRB installation: Ground Water Currents, no. 42, p. 3-4.

Lane, J.W., Jr., Joesten, P.K., and Savoie, J.G., 2001,

Cross-hole radar scanning of two vertical, permeable reactive-iron walls at the Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4145, 17 p.

Metge, D.W., 1991,

DNA determination and bacterial biomass estimation in a contaminated and uncontaminated shallow sandy aquifer: San Francisco, Calif., San Francisco State University, unpublished M.S. thesis, 163 p.

Hubble, D.W., and Gillham, R.W., 2001,

Deep granular iron permeable reactive barrier field demonstration at Massachusetts Military Reservation, final report: Waterloo, Ontario, University of Waterloo, Dept. of Earth Sciences, Institute for Groundwater Research, 134 p.

Krumme, M.L., Timmis, K.N., and Dwyer, D.F., 1993,

Degradation of trichloroethylene by Pseudomonas cepacia G4 and the constitutive mutant strain G4 5223 PR1 in aquifer microcosms: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 59, no. 8, p. 2746-2749.

Roberts, A.L., 1991,

Dehalogenation reactions of polyhalogenated alkanes in aquatic environments: Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 274 p.

Masterson, J.P., Walter, D.A., and LeBlanc, D.R., 1998,

Delineation of contributing areas to selected public-supply wells, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4237, 45 p.

Savoie, J.G., LeBlanc, D.R., Blackwood, D.S., McCobb, T.D., Rendigs, R.R., and Clifford, S., 2000,

Delineation of discharge areas of two contaminant plumes by use of diffusion samplers, Johns Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4017, 30 p.

Masterson, J.P., and Walter, D.A., 2000,

Delineation of ground-water recharge areas, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4000, oversized map printed front and back, 2 p.

Smith, R.L., and Duff, J.H., 1988,

Denitrification in a sand and gravel aquifer: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 54, no. 5, p. 1071-1078.

Smith, R.L., Howes, B.L., and Duff, J.H., 1991,

Denitrification in nitrate-contaminated ground water--Occurrence in steep vertical geochemical gradients: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, no. 7, p. 1815-1825, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(91)90026-2.

Pabich, W.J., 2001,

Denitrification of anthropogenic nitrogen in groundwater--Measurement and modeling using stable isotopic and mass balance approaches: Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 188 p.

LeBlanc, D.R., 2001,

Density and recharge effects during the Cape Cod natural-gradient tracer test: Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, unpublished M.S. thesis, 246 p.

LeBlanc, D.R., and Celia, M.A., 1991,

Density-induced downward movement of solutes during a natural-gradient tracer test, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 10-14.

Metge, D.W., and Harvey, R.W., 1991,

Deoxyribonucleic acid distributions and recovery in a sand and gravel aquifer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 135-140.

LeBlanc, D.R., 1984,

Description of the hazardous waste site, in LeBlanc, D.R., ed., Movement and fate of solutes in a plume of sewage-contaminated ground water, Cape Cod, Massachusetts--U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Waste Ground-Water Contamination Program--Papers presented at the toxic waste technical meeting, Tucson, Arizona, March 20-22, 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-475, p. 1-10.

Garabedian, S.P., LeBlanc, D.R., Quadri, R.D., Hess, K.M., Stollenwerk, K.G., and Wood, W.W., 1988,

Design and implementation of a large-scale natural-gradient tracer test, in Ragone, S.E., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Program on Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination--Proceedings of the second technical meeting, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 21-25, 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-481, p. B-13-B-18.

LeBlanc, D.R., Rudolph, D.L., Kachanoski, R.G., and Celia, M.A., 1991,

Design and operation of an infiltration experiment in unsaturated glacial outwash, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 41-46.

McCobb, T.D., and LeBlanc, D.R., 2002,

Detection of fresh ground water and a contaminant plume beneath Red Brook Harbor, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4166, 36 p.

Thurman, E.M., Willoughby, T., Barber, L.B., II, and Thorn, K.A., 1987,

Determination of alkylbenzenesulfonate surfactants in groundwater using macroreticular resins and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry: Analytical Chemistry, v. 59, no. 14, p. 1798-1802, doi:10.1021/ac00141a013.

Goodwin, B.L., 1996,

Determination of aquifer dispersivities using small scale natural gradient tracer tests: Worcester, Mass, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Civil Engineering, unpublished M.S. thesis, 120 p.

McCobb, T.D., LeBlanc, D.R., and Hess, K.M., 1999,

Determination of temporal and spatial variability of hydraulic gradients in an unconfined aquifer using three-point triangulation, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 3 of 3--Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018C, p. 349-360.

Smith, R.L., 2002,

Determining the terminal electron-accepting reaction in the saturated subsurface, in Hurst, C.J., and others, eds., Manual of Environmental Microbiology (2nd ed.): Washington, D.C., ASM Press, p. 743-752.

Smith, R.L., and Steve H. Harris, J., 2007,

Determining the terminal electron-accepting reaction in the saturated subsurface, in Hurst, C.J., and others, eds., Manual of Environmental Microbiology (3rd ed.): Washington, D.C., ASM Press, v. VI, ISBN:978-1-55581-379-6.

Smith, R.L., 1997,

Determining the terminal electron-accepting reaction in the saturated subsurface, in Hurst, C.J., and others, eds., Manual of Environmental Microbiology: Washington, D.C., ASTM Press, p. 577-585.

Brooks, M.H., 1991,

Development and evaluation of a technique for measuring denitrification enzyme activity in nitrate-contaminated ground water: Golden, Colorado School of Mines, Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, unpublished M.S. thesis, 94 p.

Abrams, R.H., Loague, K., and Kent, D.B., 1998,

Development and testing of a compartmentalized reaction network model for redox zones in contaminated aquifers: Water Resources Research, v. 34, no. 6, p. 1531-1541, 98WR00485, doi:10.1029/98WR00485.

Forcier, J.E., Kenney, E.D., Knab, C.H., and Maiorano, J.M., 2003,

Development of a long term plan for remediation of the SD-5 plume at the Massachusetts Military Reservation: Worcester, Mass., Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Civil Engineering, unpublished Senior thesis, 154 p.

Krumme, M.L., 1993,

Development of aquifer microcosms and in situ methods to test the fate and function of pollutant-degrading microorganisms: Braunschweig, Germany, National Center for Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 127 p.

Krumme, M.L., Smith, R.L., and Dwyer, D.F., 1991,

Development of microcosms designed to evaluate the effects of adding microorganisms to aquifers as bioremediation agents, in Fliermans, C.B., and Hazen, T.C., eds., Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Microbiology of the Deep Subsurface, Orlando, Florida, January 15-19, 1990: Aiken, S.C., Westinghouse Savannah River Company, p. 7-117 to 7-128.

Smith, R.L., and Harvey, R.W., 1991,

Development of sampling techniques to measure in situ rates of microbial processes in a contaminated sand and gravel aquifer, in Fliermans, C.B., and Hazen, T.C., eds., Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Microbiology of the Deep Subsurface, Orlando, Fla., January 15-19, 1990: Aiken, S.C., Westinghouse Savannah River Company, p. 2-19 to 2-33.

Smith, R.L., Duff, J.H., and Howes, B.L., 1987,

Development of techniques to measure in situ rates of microbial processes in a contaminated aquifer, in Franks, B.J., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Program on Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination--Proceedings of the third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-109, p. B-25-B-27.

Barber, L.B., II, 1988,

Dichlorobenzene in ground water--Evidence for long-term persistence: Ground Water, v. 26, no. 6, p. 696-702.

LeBlanc, D.R., 2003,

Diffusion and drive-point sampling to detect ordnance-related compounds in shallow ground water beneath Snake Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 2001-02: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4133, 20 p.

LeBlanc, D.R., 1984,

Digital modeling of solute transport in a plume of sewage-contaminated ground water, in LeBlanc, D.R., ed., Movement and fate of solutes in a plume of sewage-contaminated ground water, Cape Cod, Massachusetts--U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Waste Ground-Water Contamination Program--Papers presented at the toxic waste technical meeting, Tucson, Arizona, March 20-22, 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-475, p. 11-46.

Yau, S., 1999,

Dissolution kinetics of feldspar in the Cape Cod aquifer, Massachusetts--Calculation of ground water residence times: State College, The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Geosciences, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 99 p.

Smith, R.L., 1998,

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PHAST--A program for simulating ground-water flow, solute transport, and multicomponent geochemical reactions: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 6, sec. A, chap. 8, 154 p.

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Parameters involved in modeling movement of bacteria in groundwater, in Hurst, C.J., ed., Modeling the environmental fate of microorganisms: Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology, p. 89-114.

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Partitioning, distribution, and recovery of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) from water and sediment in a contaminated aquifer in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in Mallard, G.E., and Ragone, S.E., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, September 26-30, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4220, p. 547-553.

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Pb2+ and Zn2+ adsorption by a natural aluminum- and iron-bearing surface coating on an aquifer sand: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, no. 17, p. 3535-3547, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(95)00231-N.

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Persistence of linear alkylbenzenesulfonates and their metabolites in sewage-contaminated ground water, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 116-122.

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Perspectives on field scale application of stochastic subsurface hydrology, in Subsurface Flow and Transport: The Stochastic Approach, Second IHP/IAHS George Kovacs Colloquium, Proceedings, Paris, France, January 26-28, 1995: Cambridge University Press/UNESCO.

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A petrophysical basis for ground penetrating radar and very early time electromagnetics--Electrical properties of sand-clay mixtures: Vancouver, BC, Canada, University of British Columbia, Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 318 p.

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Phosphorus in a ground-water contaminant plume discharge to Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4306, 70 p.

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Phosphorus transport in sewage-contaminated ground water, Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 3 of 3--Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018C, p. 305-315.

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Physiological considerations in applying laboratory-determined buoyant densities to predictions of bacterial and protozoan transport in groundwater--Results of in-situ and laboratory tests: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 31, no. 1, p. 289-295, doi:10.1021/es960461d.

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Potential long-term effects of phosphate contamination in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015, v. 1, p. 199-205.

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Predicting bacterial transport--What column- and field-scale tracer tests can tell us and what they cannot, in Proceedings of the Technical Workshop, M.-W.a.A., ed., Sede Boqer, Israel, September 20-21, 2005: p. 39-43.

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Prediction of macrodispersivity in heterogeneous aquifers: Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 233 p.

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Preliminary determination of hydraulic conductivity in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, from analysis of nuclear logs, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program-Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, Calif., March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 23-28.

Kinner, N.E., Bunn, A.L., Harvey, R.W., Warren, A., and Meeker, L.D., 1991,

Preliminary evaluation of the relations among protozoa, bacteria, and chemical properties in sewage-contaminated ground water on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 141-143.

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Preliminary one-dimensional simulation of ammonium and nitrate in the Cape Cod sewage plume, in Franks, B.J., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Program on Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination--Proceedings of the third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-109, p. B-43-B-46.

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Preliminary study of denitrification in a plume of sewage-contaminated ground water, in LeBlanc, D.R., ed., Movement and fate of solutes in a plume of sewage-contaminated ground water, Cape Cod, Massachusetts--U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Waste Ground-Water Contamination Program--Papers presented at the toxic waste technical meeting, Tucson, Arizona, March 20-22, 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-475, p. 153-173.

Moench, A.F., LeBlanc, D.R., and Garabedian, S.P., 1996,

Preliminary type-curve analysis of an aquifer test in an unconfined sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015, v. 1, p. 273-281.

Levy, B.S., Pannell, L.J., and Dadoly, J.P., 1993,

A pressure-packer system for conducting rising head tests in water table wells: Journal of Hydrology, v. 148, p. 189-202.

Novarino, G., Warren, A., Butler, H., Lambourne, G., Boxshall, A., Bateman, J., Kinner, N.E., Harvey, R.W., Mosse, R.A., and Teltsch, B., 1997,

Protistan communities in aquifers: A review: FEMS Microbiology Reviews, v. 20, no. 3-4, p. 261-275, doi:10.1016/S0168-6445(97)00046-6.

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Protists from a sewage-contaminated aquifer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts: Geomicrobiology Journal, v. 12, p. 23-36.

Barber, L.B., II, Thurman, E.M., Takahashi, Y., and Noriega, M., 1991,

Purgeable organic chloride--A surrogate measurement for screening and monitoring volatile-chlorinated hydrocarbons in ground water, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 106-110.

Parkhurst, D.L., Stollenwerk, K.G., and Colman, J.A., 2003,

Reactive-transport simulation of phosphorus in the sewage plume at the Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4017, 33 p.

Grimestad, G., 2002,

A reassessment of ground water flow conditions and specific yield at Borden and Cape Cod: Ground Water, v. 40, no. 1, p. 14-24.

Böhlke, J.K., Smith, R.L., Coplen, T.B., Busenberg, E., and LeBlanc, D.R., 1999,

Recharge conditions and flow velocities of contaminated and uncontaminated ground waters at Cape Cod, Massachusetts--Evaluation of 2H/1H, 18O/16O and dissolved gases, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 3 of 3--Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018C, p. 337-348.

Davis, J.A., Waite, T.D., Kent, D.B., and Anderson, L.D., 1991,

Reduction and transport of chromium(VI) under mildly reducing conditions in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 72-77.

Anderson, L.C.D., Kent, D.A., and Davis, J.A., 1992,

Reduction of Cr(VI) under mildly reducing conditions in a sand and gravel aquifer, in Kharaka, Y.K., and Maest, A.S., eds., Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction -- WRI-7, Park City, Utah, July 13-18, 1992: A.A. Balkema, p. 495-498.

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Reductive dissolution and reactive solute transport in a sewage-contaminated glacial outwash aquifer: Ground Water, v. 36, no. 4, p. 583-595.

Pabich, W.J., Valiela, I., and Hemond, H.F., 2001,

Relationship between DOC concentration and vadose zone thickness and depth below the water table in groundwater on Cape Cod, U.S.A.: Biogeochemistry, v. 55, no. 3, p. 247-268, doi:10.1023/A:1011842918260.

Field, J.A., and Leenheer, J.A., 1989,

Response of anionic detergents and their carboxylated degradation products to the methylene-blue-active substances test, in Mallard, G.E., and Ragone, S.E., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, September 26-30, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4220, p. 614-615.

Hines, L.E., 1998,

The response of subsurface bacteria and protists to an organic perturbation--column studies: Durham, University of New Hampshire, Department of Civil Engineering, unpublished M.S. thesis, 199 p.

Harvey, R.W., and Garabedian, S.P., 1992,

Response to comment on Use of colloid filtration theory in modeling movement of bacteria through a contaminated sandy aquifer: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 26, no. 2, p. 401-402, doi:10.1021/es00026a026.

Ceazan, M.L., Thurman, E.M., and Smith, R.L., 1989,

Retardation of ammonium and potassium transport through a contaminated sand and gravel aquifer--The role of cation exchange: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 23, no. 11, p. 1402-1408, doi:10.1021/es00069a012.

Loveland, J.P., Ryan, J.N., Amy, G.L., and Harvey, R.W., 1996,

The reversibility of virus attachment to mineral surfaces: Colloids and Surfaces A--Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, v. 107, p. 205-222, doi:10.1016/0927-7757(95)03373-4.

Maxwell, R.M., Welty, C., and Harvey, R.W., 2007,

Revisiting the Cape Cod bacteria injection experiment using a stochastic modeling approach: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 41, no. 15, p. 5548-5558, doi:10.1021/es062693a.

Granato, G.E., and Smith, K.P., 1999,

Robowell--A reliable and accurate automated data-collection process applied to reactive-wall monitoring at the Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 3 of 3--Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018C, p. 447-455.

Granato, G.E., and Smith, K.P., 2002,

Robowell--Providing accurate and current water-level and water-quality data in real time for protecting ground-water resources: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS-053-02, 6 p.

Granato, G.E., and Smith, K.P., 1999,

Robowell--an automated process for monitoring ground water quality using established sampling protocols: Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, v. 19, no. 4, p. 81-89.

Ceazan, M.L., Thurman, E.M., and Smith, R.L., 1987,

The role of cation exchange in the transport of ammonium and nitrate in a sewage-contaminated aquifer, in Franks, B.J., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Program on Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination--Proceedings of the third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-109, p. B-53-B-58.

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Role of chemotaxis in the transport of bacteria through saturated porous media: Advances in Water Resources, v. 30, no. 6-7, p. 1608-1617, doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2006.05.019.

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Role of ion exchange in the transport of ammonium through a contaminated sand and gravel aquifer, in Mallard, G.E., and Ragone, S.E., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, September 26-30, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4220, p. 642.

Harvey, R.W., Garabedian, S.P., Smith, R.L., Barber, L.B., II, Metge, D.W., and Scholl, M.A., 1991,

The role of physical and chemical heterogeneity in the interpretation of small-scale tracer tests involving microorganisms, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 148-151.

Harvey, R.W., Kinner, N.E., MacDonald, D., Metge, D.W., and Bunn, A., 1993,

Role of physical heterogeneity in the interpretation of small-scale laboratory and field observations of bacteria, microbial-sized microsphere, and bromide transport through aquifer sediments: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 8, p. 2713-2721, 93WR00963, doi:10.1029/93WR00963.

Singha, K., and Gorelick, S.M., 2005,

Saline tracer visualized with electrical resistivity tomography--Field scale spatial moment analysis: Water Resources Research, v. 41, no. 5, W05023, doi:10.1029/2004WR003460.

Singa, K., and Gorelick, S.M., 2005,

Saline tracer visualized with three-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography--Field scale spatial moment analysis: Water Resources Research, v. 41, no. 5, doi:10.1029/2004WR003460.

Thurman, E.M., Brooks, M.G., and Barber, L.B., II, 1988,

Sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds in a plume of sewage-contaminated ground water, in Ragone, S.E., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Program on Toxic Waste--Ground-Water Contamination--Proceedings of the second technical meeting, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, October 21-25, 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-481, p. B-21-B-22.

Backhus, D.A., Ryan, J.N., Groher, D.M., MacFarlane, J.K., and Gschwend, P.M., 1993,

Sampling colloids and colloid-associated contaminants in ground water: Ground Water, v. 31, no. 3, p. 466-479.

Knopman, D.S., Voss, C.I., and Garabedian, S.P., 1991,

Sampling design for groundwater solute transport--Tests of methods and analysis of Cape Cod tracer test data: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 5, p. 925-949, 90WR02657, doi:10.1029/90WR02657.

Singha, K., 2003,

Scanning the earth to help predict the movement of contaminants in groundwater: Stanford University Stanford Earth Sciences Report Fall 2003, 4 p.

Coston, J.A., Fuller, C.C., and Davis, J.A., 1992,

The search for a geochemical indication of lead and zinc sorption in a sand and gravel aquifer, Falmouth, Massachusetts, in Kharaka, Y.K., and Maest, A.S., eds., Low temperature environments, v. 1 of Water-rock interaction--Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction--WRI-7, Park City, Utah, July 13-18, 1992: Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema, p. 41-49.

Coston, J.A., Abrams, R.H., and Kent, D.B., 1998,

Selected inorganic solutes, in Savoie, J., and LeBlanc, D.R., eds., Water-quality data and methods of analysis for samples collected near a plume of sewage-contaminated ground water, Ashumet Valley, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4269, p. 19-21.

Thurman, E.M., and Field, J., 1989,

Separation of humic substances and anionic surfactants from ground water by selective adsorption, in Suffet, I.H., and MacCarthy, P., eds., Aquatic humic substances--Influence on fate and treatment of pollutants: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society Advances in Chemistry Series 219, p. 108-114.

Thurman, E.M., Barber, L.B., II, Ceazan, M.L., Smith, R.L., Brooks, M.G., Schroeder, M.P., Keck, A.J., Driscoll, A.J., LeBlanc, D.R., and Nichols, W.J., Jr., 1984,

Sewage contaminants in ground water, in LeBlanc, D.R., ed., Movement and fate of solutes in a plume of sewage-contaminated ground water, Cape Cod, Massachusetts--U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Waste Ground-Water Contamination Program--Papers presented at the toxic waste technical meeting, Tucson, Arizona, March 20-22, 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-475, p. 47-88.

Hess, K.M., 1988,

Sewage plume in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in National Water Summary 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2325, p. 87-92.

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Sewage plume in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2218, p. 28.

Baumgartner, L.K., 2000,

Short-term, single-well injection experiments in a sand and gravel aquifer--Applicability for the measurement of nitrate production and consumption rates in situ: Boulder, University of Colorado, Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, Unpublished M.A. thesis, 96 p.

Ryan, J.N., Elimelech, M., Baesman, J.L., and Magelky, R.D., 2000,

Silica-coated titania and zirconia colloids for subsurface transport field experiments: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 34, no. 10, p. 2000-2005, doi:10.1021/es9909531.

Masterson, J.P., Hess, K.M., Walter, D.A., and LeBlanc, D.R., 2002,

Simulated changes in the sources of ground water for public-supply wells, ponds, streams, and coastal areas on western Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4143, 12 p.

Walter, D.A., Masterson, J.P., and LeBlanc, D.R., 2002,

Simulated pond-aquifer interactions under natural and stressed conditions near Snake Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4174, 35 p.

Walter, D.A., and Masterson, J.P., 2003,

Simulation of advective flow under steady-state and transient recharge conditions, Camp Edwards, Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4053, 51 p.

Stollenwerk, K.G., 1991,

Simulation of molybdate sorption with the diffuse layer surface-complexation model, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 47-52.

Stollenwerk, K.G., and Kipp, K.L., 1990,

Simulation of molybdate transport with different rate-controlled mechanisms, in Melchior, D.C., and Bassett, R.L., eds., Chemical modeling of aqueous systems II: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society ACS Symposium Series 416, p. 243-257.

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Simulation of phosphate transport in sewage-contaminated groundwater, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: Applied Geochemistry, v. 11, no. 1-2, p. 317-324, doi:10.1016/0883-2927(95)00041-0.

Friedly, J.C., Kent, D.B., and Davis, J.A., 2002,

Simulation of the mobility of metal-EDTA complexes in groundwater--The influence of contaminant metals: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 36, no. 3, p. 355-363, doi:10.1021/es010926m.

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Simulation of the rate-controlled transport of molybdate in column experiments, in Mallard, G.E., and Ragone, S.E., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, September 26-30, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4220, p. 151-161.

Zhang, H., Schwartz, F.W., Wood