Investigations of Watershed Contamination from Hard-Rock Mining

Alpers, C.N., Antweiler, R.C., Taylor, H.E., Dileanis, P.D., and Domagalski, J.J., 2000,

Metals transport in the Sacramento River, California, 1996-97--Volume 2. Interpretation of metal loads: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4002, 106 p.

Alpers, C.N., Hunerlach, M.P., Marvin-DiPasquale, M.C., Antweiler, R.C., Lasorsa, B.K., De Wild, J.F., and Snyder, N.P., 2006,

Geochemical data for mercury, methylmercury, and other constitutents in sediments from Englebright Lake, California, 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 151, 95 p.

Alpers, C.N., Hunerlach, M.P., May, J.T., Hothem, R.L., Taylor, H.E., Antweiler, R.C., De Wild, J.F., and Lawler, D.A., 2005,

Geochemical characterization of water, sediment, and biota affected by mercury contamination and acidic drainage from historical gold mining, Greenhorn Creek, Nevada County, California, 1999-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5251, 278 p.

Alpers, C.N., and Hunerlack, M.P., 2000,

Mercury contamination from historic gold mining in California: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS-061-00, 6 p.

Alpers, C.N., Nordstrom, D.K., and Burchard, J.M., 1992,

Compilation and interpretation of water quality and discharge data for acid mine waters at Iron Mountain, Shasta County, California, 1940-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4160, 173 p.

Alpers, C.N., Nordstrom, D.K., and Spitzley, J., 2003,

Extreme acid mine drainage from a pyritic massive sulfide deposit, the Iron Mountain end-member, in Jambor, J.L., Blowes, D.W., and Ritchie, A.I.M., eds., Environmental Aspects of Mine Wastes: Mineralogical Association of Canada, v. 31, p. 407-430.

Alpers, C.N., Taylor, H.E., and Domagalski, J.J., 2000,

Metals transport in the Sacramento River, California, 1996-97--Volume 1. Methods and data: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4286, 428 p.

Alpers, C.N., Taylor, H.E., and Domagalski, J.J., 2000,

Summary and conclusions, in Alpers, C.N., Taylor, H.E., and Domagalski, J.J., eds., Metals transport in the Sacramento River, California, 1996-97--Volume 1. Methods and data: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4286, p. 98-99.

Alpers, C.N., Taylor, H.E., Roth, D.A., Cain, D.J., Ball, J.W., Unruh, D.M., and Deleanis, P.D., 2000,

Study design--Field and laboratory methods, in Alpers, C.N., Taylor, H.E., and Domagalski, J.J., eds., Metals transport in the Sacramento River, California, 1996-97--Volume 1. Methods and data: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4286, p. 19-37.

Angeroth, C.E., 2002,

Characterization of hydraulic conductivity of the alluvium and basin fill, Pinal Creek basin near Globe, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4205, 27 p.

Angeroth, C.E., Leake, S.A., and Wagner, B.J., 1999,

Preliminary model development of the ground- and surface-water system in Pinal Creek Basin, Arizona, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 1 of 3--Contamination from Hardrock Mining: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018A, p. 211-216.

Antweiler, R.C., Dileanis, P.D., Alpers, C.N., and Taylor, H.E., 2000,

Results, in Alpers, C.N., Taylor, H.E., and Domagalski, J.J., eds., Metals transport in the Sacramento River, California, 1996-97--Volume 1. Methods and data: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4286, p. 62-97.

Axtmann, E.V., Cain, D.J., and Luoma, S.N., 1997,

Effect of tributary inflow of the distribution of trace metals in fine-grained sediments and benthic insects of the Clark Fork River, Montana: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 31, no. 3, p. 750-758, doi:10.1021/es960417y.

Baedecker, M.J., Back, W., and Cravotta III, C.A., 1994,

Consequences of energy use on water, in Carter, L.M.H., ed., Tenth V.E. McKelvey Forum, Energy and the Environment - Application of geosciences to decision making: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1108, p. 34-36.

Ball, J.W., and Nordstrom, D.K., 1994,

A comparison of simultaneous plasma, atomic absorption, and iron colormetric techniques for the determination of major and trace constituents in acid mine waters: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4122, 151 p.

Ball, J.W., and Nordstrom, D.K., 1989,

Final revised analyses of major and trace elements from acid mine waters in the Leviathan Mine drainage basin, California and Nevada, October 1981 to October 1982: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4138, 46 p.

Ball, J.W., and Nordstrom, D.K., 1985,

Major and trace-element analysis of acid mine waters in the Leviathan mine drainage basin, California and Nevada--October 1981 to October 1982: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4169, 46 p.

Ball, J.W., Nordstrom, D.K., McCleskey, R.B., and To, T.B., 1999,

A new method for the direct determination of dissolved Fe(III) concentration in acid mine waters, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 1 of 3--Contamination from Hardrock Mining: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018A, p. 297-304.

Ball, J.W., Runkel, R.L., and Nordstrom, D.K., 2005,

Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 12. Geochemical and reactive-transport modeling based on tracer injection-synoptic sampling studies for the Red river, New Mexico, 2001-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5149, 78 p.

Ball, J.W., Runkel, R.L., and Nordstrom, D.K., 1999,

Transport modeling of reactive and non-reactive constituents from Summitville, Colorado--Preliminary results from the application of the OTIS/OTEQ model to the Wightman Fork/Alamosa River System, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 1 of 3--Contamination from Hardrock Mining: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018A, p. 305-311.

Bargar, J.R., Reitmeyer, R., and Davis, J.A., 1999,

Spectroscopic confirmation of uranium(VI)-carbonato adsorption complexes on hematite: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 33, no. 14, p. 2481-2484, doi:10.1021/es990048g.

Bargar, J.R., Reitmeyer, R., Lenhart, J.J., and Davis, J.A., 2000,

Characterization of uranium (VI)-carbonato ternary complexes on hematite--EXAFS and electrophoretic mobility measurements: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 64, p. 2737-2749, doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00398-7.

Bekins, B., Rittmann, B.E., and MacDonald, J.A., 2001,

Natural attenuation strategy for groundwater cleanup focuses on demonstrating cause and effect: Eos, v. 82, no. 5, p. 53, 57-58.

Bencala, K.E., 2005,

Hyporheic exchange flows, in Anderson, M.G., and McDonnell, J.J., eds., Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences: New Jersey, John Wiley and Sons, v. 3, Chapter 113, p. 1733-1740.

Bencala, K.E., 2000,

Invited Commentary--Hyporheic zone hydrological processes: Hydrological Processes, v. 14, no. 15, p. 2797-2798, doi:10.1002/1099-1085(20001030)14:15<2797::AID-HYP402>3.0.CO;2-6.

Bencala, K.E., Kimball, B.A., and McKnight, D.M., 1991,

Use of variation in solute concentration to identify interactions of the substream zone with instream transport, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 377-379.

Bencala, K.E., McKnight, D.M., Zellweger, G.W., and Kimball, B.A., 1988,

Monitoring acidic streams for transport studies, in Mallard, G.E., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Surface-Water Contamination--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Denver, Colorado, February 2-4, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-764, p. 119-124.

Bencala, K.E., and Ortiz, R.F., 1999,

Theory and(or) reality--Analysis of sulfate mass-balance at Summitville, Colorado, poses process questions about the estimation of metal loadings, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 1 of 3--Contamination from Hardrock Mining: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018A, p. 119-122.

Bencala, K.E., and Walters, R.A., 1983,

Simulation of solute transport in a mountain pool-and-riffle stream--A transient storage model: Water Resources Research, v. 19, no. 3, p. 718-724, doi:10.1029/WR019i003p00718.

Bergholm, A., 1995,

Oxidation of pyrite, in Nordstrom, D.K., DeMonge, J.M., and Lovgren, L., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-389, p. 20.

Besser, J.M., Brumbaugh, W.G., May, T.W., Church, S.E., and Kimball, B.A., 2001,

Bioavailability of metals in stream food webs and hazards to brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the Upper Animas River Watershed, Colorado: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 40, no. 1, p. 48-59, doi:10.1007/s002440010147.

Besser, J.M., and Leib, K.J., 1999,

Modeling frequency of occurrence of toxic concentrations of zinc and copper in the Upper Animas River, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 1 of 3--Contamination from Hardrock Mining: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018A, p. 75-81.

Best, J.E., Geiger, K.E., and O'Day, P.A., 1999,

Partitioning of trace metals between contaminated stream waters and manganese oxide minerals, Pinal Creek, Arizona, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 1 of 3--Contamination from Hardrock Mining: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018A, p. 227-237.

Borrok, D.M., Nimick, D.A., Wanty, R.B., and Ridley, W.I., 2008,

Isotopic variation of dissolved copper and zinc in stream waters affected by historical mining: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 72, no. 2, p. 329-344, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2007.11.014.

Borrok, D.M., Wanty, R.B., Ridly, W.I., Wolf, R., Lamothe, P.J., and Adams, M., 2007,

Separation of copper, iron, and zinc from complex aqueous solutions for isotopic measurement: Chemical Geology, v. 242, no. 3-4, p. 400-414, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.04.004.

Boughton, G.K., 2001,

Metal loading in Soda Butte Creek upstream of Yellowstone National Park, Montana and Wyoming--A retrospective analysis of previous research; and quantification of metal loading, August 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4170, 68 p.

Bove, D.J., Mast, M.A., Wright, W.G., Verplanck, P.L., Meeker, G.P., and Yager, D.B., 2000,

Geologic control on acidic and metal-rich waters in the southeast Red Mountains area near Silverton, Colorado--Proceedings of the International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, Denver, May 22-25, 2000, in Church, S.E., ed., Preliminary release of scientific reports on the acidic drainage in the Animas River watershed, San Juan County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-034, p. 1-11.

Boyer, E.W., Hornberger, G.M., Bencala, K.E., and McKnight, D.M., 2000,

Effects of asynchronous snowmelt on flushing of dissolved organic carbon--A mixing model approach: Hydrological Processes, v. 14, no. 18, p. 3291-3308, doi:10.1002/1099-1085(20001230)14:18<3291::AID-HYP202>3.0.CO;2-2.

Boyer, E.W., Hornberger, G.M., Bencala, K.E., and McKnight, D.M., 1997,

Response characteristics of DOC flushing in an alpine catchment: Hydrological Processes, v. 11, no. 12, p. 1635-1647, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19971015)11:12<1635::AID-HYP494>3.0.CO;2-H.

Boyer, E.W., Hornberger, G.M., Bencala, K.E., and McKnight, D.M., 1996,

Overview of a simple model describing variation of dissolved organic carbon in an upland catchment: Ecological Modeling, v. 86, p. 183-188, doi:10.1016/0304-3800(95)00049-6.

Boyer, E.W., McKnight, D.M., Bencala, K.E., Brooks, P.D., Anthony, M.W., Zellweger, G.W., and Harnish, R.E., 1999,

Streamflow and water quality characteristics for the Upper Snake River and Deer Creek Catchments in Summit County, Colorado--Water years 1980 to 1990: Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Occasional Paper 53, 81 p (+ diskett).

Breault, R.F., Colman, J.A., Aiken, G.R., and McKnight, D.M., 1996,

Copper speciation and binding by organic matter in copper-contaminated streamwater: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 30, no. 12, p. 3477-3486, doi:10.1021/es9601301.

Briggs, P.H., Sutley, S.J., and Livo, K.E., 2003,

Questa baseline and pre-mining ground water investigation. 11. Geochemistry of composited material from alteration scars and mine-waste piles: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-458, 17 p.

Brooks, P.D., McKnight, D.M., and Bencala, K.E., 2001,

Annual maxima in zinc concentrations during spring snowmelt in streams impacted by mine drainage: Environmental Geology, v. 40, no. 11-12, p. 1447-1454, doi:10.1007/s002540100338.

Brooks, P.D., McKnight, D.M., and Bencala, K.E., 1999,

The relationship between soil heterotrophic activity, soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leachate, and catchment-scale DOC export in headwater catchments: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 6, p. 1895-1902, 1998WR900125, doi:10.1029/1998WR900125.

Broshears, R.E., Bencala, K.E., Kimball, B.A., and McKnight, D.M., 1992,

Tracer-dilution experiments and solute-transport simulations for a mountain streams, Saint Kevin Gulch, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4081, 18 p.

Broshears, R.E., Kimball, B.A., and Runkel, R.L., 1996,

Simulation of reactive transport during a pH modification experiment in a mountain stream affected by acid mine drainage, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015, v. 2, p. 781-788.

Broshears, R.E., Runkel, R.L., Kimball, B.A., Bencala, K.E., and McKnight, D.M., 1996,

Reactive solute transport in an acidic stream--Experimental pH increase and simulation of controls on pH, aluminum, and iron: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 30, no. 10, p. 3016-24, doi:10.1021/es960055u.

Brown, J.G., 1991,

Particle-tracking analysis of flow in the stream-aquifer system in Pinal Creek basin, Arizona, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 448-453.

Brown, J.G., 1990,

Chemical, geologic, and hydrologic data from the study of acidic contamination in the Miami Wash-Pinal Creek area, Arizona, water years 1988-89: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-395, 75 p.

Brown, J.G., Bassett, R.L., and Glynn, P.D., 2000,

Reactive transport of metal contaminants in alluvium--Model comparison and column simulation: Applied Geochemistry, v. 15, no. 1, p. 35-50, doi:10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00004-9.

Brown, J.G., Bassett, R.L., and Glynn, P.D., 1998,

Analysis and simulation of reactive transport of metal contaminants in ground water in Pinal Creek Basin, Arizona, in Steefel, C.I., and Van Cappellen, P., eds., Special Issue--Reactive Transport Modeling of Natural Systems: New York, Elsevier, Journal of Hydrology, v. 209, p. 225-250.

Brown, J.G., Brew, R., and Harvey, J.W., 1997,

Research on acidic metal contaminants in Pinal Creek Basin near Globe, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS-005-97, 4 p.

Brown, J.G., and Eychaner, J.H., 1996,

Distribution of chemical constituents in surface water, Pinal Creek Basin, Arizona, in Brown, J.G., and Favor, B., eds., Hydrology and geochemistry of aquifer and stream contamination related to acidic water in Pinal Creek Basin near Globe, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2466, p. 61-80.

Brown, J.G., and Eychaner, J.H., 1996,

Research of acidic contamination of ground water and surface water, Pinal Creek Basin, Arizona, in Brown, J.G., and Favor, B., eds., Hydrology and geochemistry of aquifer and stream contamination related to acidic water in Pinal Creek Basin near Globe, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2466, p. 1-20.

Brown, J.G., and Favor, B., eds., 1996,

Hydrology and geochemistry of aquifer and stream contamination related to acidic water in Pinal Creek Basin near Globe, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2466, 103 p.

Brown, J.G., and Glynn, P.D., 2003,

Kinetic dissolution of carbonates and Mn oxides in acidic water--measurement of in situ field rates and reactive transport modeling: Applied Geochemistry, v. 18, no. 8, p. 1225-1239, doi:10.1016/S0883-2927(03)00010-6.

Brown, J.G., Glynn, P.D., and Bassett, R.L., 1999,

Geochemistry and reactive-transport of metal contaminants in ground water, Pinal Creek Basin, Arizona, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 1 of 3--Contamination from Hardrock Mining: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018A, p. 141-153.

Brown, J.G., and Harvey, J.W., 1996,

Hydrologic and geochemical factors affecting metal contaminant transport in Pinal Creek basin near Globe, Arizona, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015, v. 2, p. 1035-1042.

Brumbaugh, W.G., Petty, J.D., Huckins, J.N., and Manahan, S.E., 1999,

Development of a passive integrative sampler for labile metals in water, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 1 of 3--Contamination from Hardrock Mining: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018A, p. 93-98.

Buchwalter, D.B., Cain, D.J., Clements, W.H., and Luoma, S.N., 2007,

Using biodynamic models to reconcile differences between laboratory toxicity tests and field biomonitoring with aquatic insects: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 41, no. 13, p. 4,821-4,828, doi:10.1021/es070464y.

Cain, D.J., Buchwalter, D.B., and Luoma, S.N., 2006,

Influence of metal exposure history on the bioaccumulation and subcellular distribution of aqueous cadmium in the insect Hydropsyche californica: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 25, no. 4, p. 1042-1049, doi:10.1897/05-255R.1.

Cain, D.J., Carter, J.L., Fend, S.V., Luoma, S.N., Alpers, C.N., and Taylor, H.E., 2000,

Metal exposure to a benthic invertebrate, Hydropsyche californica, in the Sacramento River downstream of Keswick Reservoir, California: Canadian Journal of Fisheries, v. 57, p. 380-390.

Cain, D.J., Carter, J.L., Fend, S.V., Luoma, S.N., Alpers, C.N., and Taylor, H.E., 1998,

Metal exposure to a benthic invertebrate, Hydropsyche california, in the Sacramento River downstream of Keswick Reservoir, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-654, 26 p.

Cain, D.J., Fend, S.V., and Carter, J.L., 1989,

Temporal and spatial variability of arsenic in benthic insects from Whitewood Creek, South Dakota, in Mallard, G.E., and Ragone, S.E., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, September 26-30, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4220, p. 257-268.

Cain, D.J., Fend, S.V., and Carter, J.L., 1988,

Arsenic concentrations of selected benthic insects in Whitewood Creek and the Belle Fourche River, South Dakota, in Mallard, G.E., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Surface-Water Contamination--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Denver, Colorado, February 2-4, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-764, p. 55-60.

Cain, D.J., Luoma, S.N., and Wallace, W.G., 2004,

Linking metal bioaccumulation of aquatic insects to their distributions in a mining-impacted river: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 23, p. 1463-1473, doi:10.1897/03-291.

Caine, J.S., 2003,

Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation 6. Preliminary brittle structural geologic data, Questa mining district, southern Sangre de Cristo Mountains, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-280, 24 p.

Callender, E., and Ficklin, W.H., 1988,

Remobilization of arsenic in sediments from the Cheyenne River area of Lake Oahe, South Dakota, in Mallard, G.E., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Surface-Water Contamination--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Denver, Colorado, February 2-4, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-764, p. 41-48.

Callender, E., Ficklin, W.H., Kimball, B.A., and Edelmann, P.R., 1989,

Heavy-metal geochemistry of sediments in the Pueblo Reservoir, Colorado, in Mallard, G.E., and Ragone, S.E., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, September 26-30, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4220, p. 81-91.

Callender, E., Kimball, B.A., and Axtmann, E.V., 1991,

Transition metal geochemistry of the Upper Arkansas River, Colorado, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 392-397.

Callender, E., and Robbins, J.A., 1993,

Transport and accumulation of radionuclides and stable elements in a Missouri River reservoir: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 6, p. 1787-1804, 93WR00387, doi:10.1029/93WR00387.

Callender, E., Robbins, J.A., and Morehead, N.R., 1989,

Records of fallout CS-137 in Lake Oahe Reservoir, South Dakota, in Mallard, G.E., and Ragone, S.E., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the technical meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, September 26-30, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4220, p. 611.

Cannon, M.R., Church, S.E., Fey, D.L., McDougal, R.R., Smith, B.D., and Nimick, D.A., 2004,

Understanding trace-element sources and transport to upper Basin Creek in the vicinity of the Buckeye and Enterprise Mines, in Nimick, D.A., Church, S.E., and Finger, S.E., eds., Integrated investigations of environmental effects of historical mining in the Basin and Boulder Mining Districts, Boulder River watershed, Jefferson County, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1652-E1, p. 401-455.

Chapin, T.P., Nimick, D.A., Gammons, C.H., and Wanty, R.B., 2007,

Diel cycling of zinc in a stream impacted by acid rock drainage--Initial results from a new in situ Zn analyzer: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 133, no. 1-3, p. 161-167, doi:10.1007/s10661-006-9569-y.

Chapin, T.P., and Wanty, R., 2005,

Development of a solenoid pumped in situ zinc analyzer for environmental monitoring: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 543, no. 1-2, p. 199-208, doi:10.1016/j.aca.2005.04.046.

Choi, J., Harvey, J.W., and Conklin, M.H., 2000,

Characterizing multiple timescales of stream and storage zone interaction that affect solute fate and transport in streams: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 6, p. 1511-1518, 2000WR900051, doi:10.1029/2000WR900051.

Choi, J.Y., Harvey, J.W., and Conklin, M.H., 1999,

Use of multi-parameter sensitivity analysis to determine relative importance of factors influencing natural attenuation of mining contaminants, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 1 of 3--Contamination from Hardrock Mining: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018A, p. 185-191.

Chruch, S.E., 2000,

Preliminary release of scientific reports on the acidic drainage in the Animas River Watershed, San Juan County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-034, 116 p.

Church, S.E., Fey, D.L., Brouwers, E.M., Holmes, C.W., and Blair, R., 1999,

Determination of pre-mining geochemical conditions and paleoecology in the Animas River watershed, Colorado, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 1 of 3--Contamination from Hardrock Mining: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018A, p. 19-30.

Church, S.E., Fey, D.L., and Marot, M.E., 2005,

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Quantification of metal loading to Silver Creek through the Silver Maple Claims area, Park City, Utah, May 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4296, 39 p.

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Quantification of metal loading in Fisher Creek by tracer injection and synoptic sampling, Park County, Montana, August 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4119, 40 p.

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Quantification of metal loading in French Gulch, Summit County, Colorado, using a tracer-injection study, July 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4078, 38 p.

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Principal locations of metal loading from flood-plain tailings, Lower Silver Creek, Utah, April 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5248, 33 p.

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Assessment of metal loads in watersheds affected by acid mine drainage by using tracer injection and synoptic sampling--Cement Creek, Colorado, USA: Applied Geochemistry, v. 17, no. 9, p. 1183-1207, doi:10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00017-3.

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Evaluation of metal loading to streams near Creede, Colorado, August and September 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5143, 64 p.

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